Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-m8s7h Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-20T05:25:44.771Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Characterization of Fly Ash and its Reactions in Concrete

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 February 2011

Della M. Roy ,
Karen Luke  and
Sidney Diamond
Della M. Roy
Affiliation:
Materials Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Karen Luke
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen AB9 2UE, Scotland
Sidney Diamond
Affiliation:
School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
Get access

Abstract

Fly ashes are currently being produced that are much more widely different from each other in composition and other characteristics than had been previously experienced, owing to the widespread use of low rank subbituminous and lignitic coals. The current ASTM classifications into Class F and Class C pozzolan categories are not adequate to describe all their important properties. Current characterization methods are reviewed, including physical characterization by particle size distribution, shape, apparent specific gravity, content of hollow grains and of residual coal fragments, etc., chemical procedures of various kinds, and SEM, EDXA, XRD, and other methods for the determination of mineralogical content and glass character. Etching and chemical dissolution procedures are particularly important. The state of these various methods, current results of their use in rly ash characterizations, and the relations of these to reactivity and performance of fly ashes in cement and concrete are discussed.

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 43: Symposium M – Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products I , 1984 , 3
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

[1] S. Diamond, (a) The Characterization of Fly Ashes, in Proc. Symposium N, Effects of Fly Ash Incorporation in Cement and Concrete, Boston, 1981. Ed., S. Diamond, pp. 12–23; Mater. Res. Soc., University Park, PA (1982),. (b) The Utilization of Fly Ash, Cem. Conor. Res. 14 (4), 455–462 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[2] Scheetz, B.E., Strickler, D.W., Grutzeck, M.W., and Roy, D.M., Physical and Chemical Behavior of Selectively Etched Fly Ashes, in Proc. Symposium N, Effects of Fly Ash Incorporation in Cement and Concrete, Ed. Diamond, S., pp. 24–33, Materials Research Society, University Park, PA 16802 (1982).Google Scholar
[3] Idorn, G.M.. Research and Development for the Use of Fly Ash in Concrete, Workshop Proceedings: Research and Development Needs for Use of Fly Ash in Cement and Concrete, EPRI CS-2616-SR, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA (Sept. 1982).Google Scholar
[4] Diamond, S. and Lopez-Flores, F.. On the Distinction in Physical and Chemical Characteristics Between Lignitic and Bituminous Fly Ashes, in Proc. Symposium N, Effects of fly Ash Incorporation in Cement and Concrete, Boston, 1981. Ed., Diamond, S., pp. 34–44. Materials Research Society, University Park, PA (1982).Google Scholar
[5] Diamond, S.. On the Glass Present in Low-Calcium and in High-Calcium Fly Ashes. Cem. Concr. Res. 13 (4), 459–464 (1983).Google Scholar
[6] Diamond, S.. Characterization and Classification of Fly Ashes in Terms of Certain Specific Chemical and Physical Parameters, 9–20 in The Use of PFA in Concrete, Ed. J., Cabrera and A., Cusens, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Leeds, Concrete Society and Central Electricity Generating Board, U.K. (1982).Google Scholar
[7] (a) Hulett, L.D., Weinberger, A.J., Ferguson, N.M., Northcutt, K.J. and Lyon, W.S.. Trace Elements and Phase Relation in Fly Ash, EA-1822. Res. Proj. 1062, Final Report for Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA (May 1981). (b) L.D. Hulett, Jr. et al., Science 210 (19), 1356 (Dec. 1980). (c) R. Lauf, Microstructures of Coal Fly Ash Particles, Ceramic Bulletin 61, 487–490 (1982).Google Scholar
[8] McCarthy, G.J., Swanson, K.D., Keller, L.P., and Blatter, W.C., Mineralogy of Western Fly Ash, Cem. Conor. Res. 14, 471–478 (1984).10.1016/0008-8846(84)90121-2Google Scholar
[9] Halse, Y., Pratt, P.L., Dalziel, J.A. and Gutteridge, W.A., Development of Microstructure and Other Properties in Fly Ash OPC Systems, Cem. Conor. Res. 14, 491–498 (1984).Google Scholar
[10] Gutteridge, W.A.. Quantitative X-ray Powder Diffraction in the Study of Some Cementive Minerals, in The Chemistry and Chemically-Related Properties of Ceient, Ed. F.P., Glasser, British Ceramic Society, Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent (1984).Google Scholar
[11] Buck, A.D., Husbands, T.B. and Burke, J.P., Studies of the Constitution of Fly Ash Using Selective Dissolution, Misc. Paper SL-83-5, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (May 1983).Google Scholar
[12] Pratt, P.L.. The Influence of Pulverized Fuel Ash on the Hydration of Cement and Concrete, 29–51 in The Use of PFA In Concrete, Ed. Cabrera, J. and Cusens, A., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Leeds, Concrete Society and Central Electricity Generating Board, U.K. (1982).Google Scholar
[13] Diamond, S.. Intimate Association of Coal Particles and Inorganic Spheres in Fly Ash, Cem. Concr. Res. 12, 405–407 (1982).Google Scholar
[14] Schlorholtz, S. and Demirel, T., Determination of Free Lime (CaO) in Fly Ashes (this Symposium).Google Scholar
[15] Standard Specifications for Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete (ASTM C 618–80 and ASTM C 311–77). 1982 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 14: 1984, Vol.04.02.Google Scholar
[16] White, E.L., Lenkei, M., Roy, D.M., and Tamas, F.D.. Fly Ash Slurries with Superplasticizers (this Volume).Google Scholar
[17] Thorne, D.J. and Watt, J.D.. Investigation of the Composition, Pozzolanic Properties and Formation of Pulverized Fuel Ash, British Coal Utilization Research Association, Information Circular No. 265.Google Scholar
[18] Mehta, P.K. and Gjørv, O.E.. Properties of Portland Cement Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Condensed Silica Fume, Cem. Concr. Res. 12 (5), 587–595 (1982).Google Scholar
[19] Mehta, P.K.. Testing and Correlation of Fly Ash Properties with Respect to Pozzolanic Behavior. EPRI1, CS-3314, prepared for Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA (1984).Google Scholar
[20] Diamond, S.. Effects of Two Danish Fly Ashes on the Alkali Contents of Pore Solutions of Cement-Fly Ash Pastes, Cem. Concr. Res. 11 (3), 383–394 (1981).10.1016/0008-8846(81)90110-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[21] Hope, B.B.. Autoclaved Concrete Containing Fly Ash, Cem. Concr. Res. 11 (2), 227–233 (1981).10.1016/0008-8846(81)90064-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[22] Proc. Symposium N, Effects of Fly Ash Incorporation in Cement and Concrete, Boston, 1981. Ed., Diamond, S., pp. 26, 47, 61, 73, 82, 93, 103,135, 186. 281, 292, 297, Materials Research Society, University Park, PA (1982).Google Scholar
[23] Berry, E.E. and Hemmings, R.T.. Coal Ash in Canada: Vol.2, Laboratory Evaluation of Coal Ash, Report for Canadian Electric Association (March 1983).Google Scholar
[24] Manz, O.E.. American and Foreign Characterization of Fly Ash for Use in Concrete. Proc. Symposium N, Effects of Fly Ash Incorooratlon in Cement and Concrete, Boston, 1981. Ed., Diamond, S., pp. 269–279, Materials Research Society, University Park, PA (1982).Google Scholar
[25] Roy, W.R., Thiery, R.G., Schuller, R.M.. and Suloway, J.J.. Coal Ash: A Review of the Literature and Proposed Classification System with Emphasis on Environmental Impacts. Environmental Geology Notes 96, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL, Apr. 1981.Google Scholar
[26] Fisher, G.L., et al. Physical and Morphological Studies of Size Classified Coal Fly Ash: Environmental Science and Technology 12 (4), 447–451 (1978).Google Scholar
[27] Hubbard, F.H., Dhir, R.K., and Ellis, M.S.. Pulverized-Fuel Ash for Concrete: Compositional Characterization of United Kingdom PFA. Cem. Conor. Res. 15, 185–198 (1985).Google Scholar
[28] (a) Idorn, G.M. and Henriksen, K.R.. State of the Art for Fly Ash Uses in Concrete. Cem. Conor. Res. 14, 463–470 (1984). (b) Ref. [22], pp. 244–259. (c) Thirty Years of Alkalis in Concrete, in Alkalis in Concrete, Proc., Danish Concrete Assn., Copenhagen, pp. 21–38 (1983).10.1016/0008-8846(84)90120-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[29] Jawed, I. and Skalny, J.. Hydration of Tricalcium Silicate in the Presence of Fly Ash. Proc. Symposium N, Effects of Fly Ash Incorporation in Cement and Concrete, Boston, 1981. Ed. S., Diamond, pp. 60–69, Materials Research Society, University Park, PA (1982).Google Scholar
[30] Tenoutasse, N. and Marion, A.M.. Influence of Fly Ash in the Structure of OPC and Pure Calcium Silicates, pp. 359–374 in The Chemistry and Chemically-Related Properties of Cement, Ed. F.P., Glasser, British Ceramic Society, Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent (1984).Google Scholar
[31] Ghose, A. and Pratt, P.L.. Studies of the Hydration Reactions and Microstructure of Cement-Fly Ash Pastes. Proc. Symposium N, Effects of Fly Ash Incorporatio in Cement and Concrete, Boston, 1981. Ed., S., Diamond, pp. 82–91, Materials Research Society, University Park, PA (1982).Google Scholar
[32] Grutzeck, M.W., Fajun, Wei, and Roy, D.M.. Retardation Effects in the Hydration of Cement-Fly Ash Pastes (this Volume).Google Scholar
[33] Rayment, P.L.. The Effect of Pulverized-Fuel Ash on the C/S Molar Ratio and Alkali Content of Calcium Silicate Hydrates in Cement. Cem. Conor. Res. 12 (1), 133–140 (1982).10.1016/0008-8846(82)90001-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[34] Ohsawa, S., Asaga, K., Goto, S., and Daimon, M.. Quantitative Determination of Fly Ash in the Hydrated Fly Ash-CaSO4 ·2H2 O-Ca(OH)2 System, Cem. Concr. Res. 15, 357–366 (1985).10.1016/0008-8846(85)90047-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
[35] Mohan, K. and Taylor, H.F.W.. Pastes of Tricalcium Silicate with Fly Ash--Analytical Electron Microscopy, Trimethylsilylation and Other Studies. Proc. Symposium N, Effects of Fly Ash Inoorporatio in Cement and Concrete, Boston, 1981. Ed., S., Diamond, pp. 54–59, Materials Research Society, University Park, PA (1982).Google Scholar
[36] Grutzeck, M.W., Roy, D.M., and Scheetz, B.E.. Microstructures of High- Lime Fly Ash Cementitious Mixes. Cem.Concr. Res. 11 (2), 291–294 (1981).10.1016/0008-8846(81)90071-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[37] Coule, M.J.. Calorimetric Studies of the Hydration Behavior of Extended Cements, pp. 385–401 in in The Chemistry and Chemicall-y-Related Properties of Cement, Ed. F.P., Glasser, British Ceramic Society, Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent (1984).Google Scholar
[38] Gotsis, C. and Roy, D.M.. Parametric Analysis of the Heat Evolution During Hydration of a Cementitious Plug in a Borehole, Cem. Concr. Res. 14, 847–854 (1984).10.1016/0008-8846(84)90011-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[39] White, W.B. and Scheetz, B.E.. Characterization of Crystalline Phases in Fly Ash by Microfocus Laser Raman Spectroscopy (this Volume).Google Scholar
[40] Roy, D.M., Grutzeck, M.W., and Wakeley, L.D., Selection and Durability of Seal Materials for a Bedded Salt Repository: Preliminary Studies, ONWI-479, prepared by The Pennsylvania State University, for Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH (1983).10.2172/5569904Google Scholar
[41] Malek, R.I.A. and Roy, D.M., Electrokinetic Phenomena and Surface Characteristics of Fly Ash Particles (this Volume).Google Scholar
[42] Roy, D.M., Diamond, S., and Skalny, J.P.. The Effects of Mineral Admixtures on Rheological Characteristics of Cement Paste, in Proc. Sympoisum M, Concrete Rheology. Ed. Jan, Skalny, pp. 152–173, Materials Research Society, University Park, PA (1982).Google Scholar