Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-q6k6v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-12T02:15:12.161Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Conducting Polymers: Past, Present and Future…

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 February 2011

Alan G. MacDiarmid  and
Arthur J. Epstein
Alan G. MacDiarmid
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, Philadelphia, PA 19104–6323
Arthur J. Epstein
Affiliation:
The Ohio State University, Departments of Physics & Chemistry, Columbus, OH 43210–1106
Get access

Abstract

Since their discovery 16 years ago, the field of intrinsically conducing polymers — “synthetic Metals” — has developed at an unexpectedly rapid rate. The concept of “doping” is the unifying theme which distinguishes this class of organic polymers — “conducting polymers” — from all others. Doping results in dramatic electronic and magnetic changes with a concomitant increase in conductivity to, or approaching, the metallic regime. Doping phenomena and the chief types of dopable organic polymers are described with particular emphasis on polyaniline, which is now probably the most actively-studied conducting polymer. It has been commercialized on a relatively large scale and presently appears to be the leading conducting polymer for technology. It shows considerable promise for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and as a gas separation Membrane, and is currently used in commercial rechargeable batteries. Polypyrrole is used commercially in capacitors and as an electrically conductive coating on conventional fabrics. Additional potential uses of conducting polymers such as light-emitting diodes, electrochromic windows, chemical sensors, etc. are also described briefly.

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 328: Symposium Q – Electrical, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Organic Solid State Materials , 1993 , 133
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Kanatzidis, M.G., Chem. & Eng. News, p. 36, (Dec. 3, 1990);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handbook of Conducting Polymers. Skotheim, T.A., Ed., (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986), 1 & 2.Google Scholar
2. MacDiarmid, A.G., Chiang, C.K., Fincher, C.R. Jr, Park, Y.W., Heeger, A.J., Shirakawa, H., Louis, E.J. and Gau, S.C., Phys. Rev. Lett., 39, 1098 (1977);Google Scholar
MacDiarmid, A.G., Chiang, C.K., Druy, M.A., Gau, S.C., Heeger, A.J., Louis, E.J., Park, Y.W. and Shirakawa, H., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 100, 1013 (1978).Google Scholar
3. MacDiarmid, A.G. and Epstein, A.J., Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 88, 317 (1989), and references therein.Google Scholar
4. Han, C.C. and Elsenbaumer, R.L., Synth. Met., 30, 123 (1989).Google Scholar
5. Epstein, A.J. and MacDiarmid, A.G., in Frontiers of Polymer Research. Prasad, P.N. and Nigam, J.K., Eds., (Plenum Press, New York, 1991), p. 339.Google Scholar
6. Chiang, J.-C. and MacDiarmid, A.G., Synth. Met., 13, 193 (1986);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDiarmid, A.G., Chiang, J.-C., Richter, A.F. and Epstein, A.J., Synth. Met., 18, 285 (1987).Google Scholar
7. Kenwright, A.M., et al., Synth. Met., 55–57, 666 (1993).Google Scholar
8. MacDiarmid, A.G., Chiang, J.-C., Richter, A.F., Somasiri, N.L.D. and Epstein, A.J., in Conducting Polymers. Alcacér, L., ed., Reidel Publications, Dordrecht, p. 105 (1987).Google Scholar
9. Asturias, G.E., McCall, R.P., MacDiarmid, A.G. and Epstein, A.J., Synth. Met., 29, E157 (1989).Google Scholar
10. Epstein, A.J., Ginder, J.M., Zuo, F., Woo, H.-S., Tanner, D.B., Richter, A.F., Angelopoulos, M., Huang, W.-S. and MacDiarmid, A.G., Synth. Met., 21, 63, (1987).Google Scholar
11. Mcmanus, P.M., Yang, S.C. and Cushman, R.J., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1556 (1985).Google Scholar
12. Wnek, G.E., Synth. Met., 15, 213 (1985).Google Scholar
13. Epstein, A.J., Ginder, J.M., Zuo, F., Bigelow, R.W., Woo, H.-S., Tanner, D.B., Richter, A.F., Huang, W.-S. and MacDiarmid, A.G., Synth. Met., 18, 303 (1987);Google Scholar
Ginder, J.M., Richter, A.F., MacDiarmid, A.G. and Epstein, A.J., Solid State Commun., 63, 97 (1987).Google Scholar
14. Angelopoulos, M., Asturias, G.E., Ermer, S.P., Ray, A., Scherr, E.M., MacDiarmid, A.G., Akhtar, M., Kiss, Z. and Epstein, A.J., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 160, 151 (1988).Google Scholar
15. MacDiarmid, A.G. and Epstein, A.J., in Science and Applications of Conducting Polymers. Salaneck, W.R., Clark, D.T. and Samuelsen, E.J., Eds., (IOP Publishing Ltd., Bristol, UK, 1990), p. 117.Google Scholar
16. Angelopoulos, M., Ray, A., MacDiarmid, A.G. and Epstein, A.J., Synth. Met., 21, 21 (1987).Google Scholar
17. MacDiarmid, A.G., Min, Y., Wiesinger, J.M., Oh, E.J., Scherr, E.M. and Epstein, A.J., Synth. Met., 55, 753 (1993);Google Scholar
Oh, E.J., Min, Y., Wiesinger, J.M., Manohar, S.K., Scherr, E.M., Prest, P.J., MacDiarmid, A.G. and Epstein, A.J., Synth. Met., 55, 977 (1993).Google Scholar
18. Cromack, K.R., Józefowicz, M.E., Ginder, J.M., McCall, R.P., Epstein, A.J., Scherr, E.M. and MacDiarmid, A.G., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 34, 583 (1989).Google Scholar
19. Tang, X., Scherr, E.M., MacDiarmid, A.G. and Epstein, A.J., Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., 34, 583 (1989).Google Scholar
20. MacDiarmid, A.G. and Epstein, A.J., in Fontiers of Polymer Research. Prasad, P.N., Nigam, J.K., Eds., p.259 (1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Andreatta, A., Tokito, S., Smith, P. and Heeger, A.J., in Advanced Organic Solid State Materials. Chaing, L.Y., Chaikin, P. and Cowan, D., Eds., 173, p.269 (1990).Google Scholar
22. Brandrup, J. and Immergut, E.H., in Polymer Handbook. (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1975), Ch. VIII, p. 2.Google Scholar
23. Cao, Y., Smith, P. and Heeger, A.J., Synth. Met., 48, 91 (1992);Google Scholar
Cao, Y. and Heeger, A.J., Synth. Met., 52, 193 (1993);Google Scholar
Cao, Y., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 60, 271 (1992);Google Scholar
Cao, Y. and Smith, P., Polymer, 34, 3139 (1993).Google Scholar
24. Othmer, K., in Encylopedia of Chemical Technology. (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1975), 18, p. 495.Google Scholar
25. Othmer, K., in Encylopedia of Chemical Technology. (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1983), 22, p. 332.Google Scholar
26. MacDiarmid, A.G., Wiesinger, J.M. and Epstein, A.J., Bull. Am Phys. Soc., 38, 311 (1993);Google Scholar
Epstein, A.J., Joo, J., Wu, C.-Y., Benatar, A., Faisst, C.F. Jr, Zegarski, J. and MacDiarmid, A.G., NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Applications of Instrinsically Conducting Polymers; Aldissi, M., Ed., (Kluwer Academic Publ.: Burlington, VT, 1993), p. 165;Google Scholar
MacDiarmid, A.G., Wiesinger, J.M., Avlyanov, J., Min, Y., Wang, H.-L., Zheng, W. and Epstein, A.J., to be published (1993);Google Scholar
MacDiarmid, A.G. and Epstein, A.J., Transactions, 2nd Congresso Brazileiro de Polimeros, São Paulo, Brazil; October 5–8, 1993, p. 544;Google Scholar
Min, Y., MacDiarmid, A.G. and Epstein, A.J., Polymer Preprints, (In Press) 1993.Google Scholar
27. Xia, Y. and MacDiarmid, A.G., unpublished results (1993).Google Scholar
28. Roth, S. and Graupner, W., Synth. Met., 57, 3623 (1993), and references therein.Google Scholar
29. Heeger, A.J., in Science and Applications of Conducting Polymers. Salaneck, W.R., Clark, D.T. and Samuelsen, E.J., Eds., (IOP Publishing Ltd., Bristol, UK, 1990) p. 1;Google Scholar
Yang, C.Y., Cao, Y., Smith, P. and Heeger, A.J., Synth. Met., 53, 293 (1993).Google Scholar
30. Cao, Y., et al., Synth. Met., 48, 91 (1992);Google Scholar
Yang, C.Y., et al., Synth. Met., 53, 293 (1993).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Plastics Technology, p. 15, (June, 1991);Google Scholar
Kulkami, V.G., Mathew, W.R., Campbell, J.C., Dinkins, C.J. and Durbin, P.J., 49th ANTEC Conference Proceedings, Society of Plastic Engineers and Plastic Engineering, Montreal, Canada, (May 5–9, 1991), p. 663;Google Scholar
Shacklette, L.W., Colaneri, N.F., Kulkami, V.G. and Wessling, B., 49th ANTEC Conference Proceedings, Society of Plastic Engineers and Plastic Engineering, Montreal, Canada, (May 5–9, 1991) p. 665.Google Scholar
32. Pron, A., et al., Synth. Met., 55–57, 3520 (1993).Google Scholar
33. Gustafsson, G., Treacy, G.M., Cao, Y., Klavetter, F., Colaneri, N. and Heeger, A.J., Synth. Met., 57, 4123 (1993).Google Scholar
34. Kuhn, H.H., Kimbrell, W.C., Fowler, J.E. and Barry, C.N., Synth. Met., 57, 3707 (1993), and references therein.Google Scholar
35. Baughman, R., in Science and Applications of Conducting Polymers. Salaneck, W.R., Clark, D.T. and Samuelsen, E.J., Eds., (IOP Publishing Ltd., Bristol, UK, 1990), p. 47.Google Scholar
36. Naarmann, H., in Science and Applications of Conducting Polymers. Salaneck, W.R., Clark, D.T. and Samuelsen, E.J., Eds., IOP Publishing Ltd., Bristol, UK, 1990), p. 81.Google Scholar
37. Varta, A.G., advertisement; “A Decisive Step Towards the Future of Rechargeable Batteries,” (1989).Google Scholar
38. Jow, T.R. and Shacklette, L.W., J. Electrochem. Soc., 136, 1 (1989).Google Scholar
39. Bloor, D., in Science and Applications of Conducting Polymers. Salaneck, W.R., Clark, D.T. and Samuelsen, E.J., Eds., (IOP Publishing Ltd., Bristol, UK, 1990), p. 23, (and references within).;Google Scholar
Halvorson, C., Cao, Y., Moses, D. and Heeger, A.J., Synth. Met., 57, 3941 (1993);Google Scholar
Halvorson, C., Hagler, T.W., Moses, D., Cao, Y. and Heeger, A.J., Synth. Met., 57, 3961 (1993).Google Scholar
40. Burroughs, J.H., Bradley, D.D.C., Brown, A.R., Marks, R.N., Mackay, K., Friend, R.H., Burns, P.L. and Holmes, A.B., Nature, 347, 539 (1990).Google Scholar
41. Braun, D., Moses, D., Zhang, C. and Heeger, A.J., Synth. Met., 57, 4145 (1993).Google Scholar
42. Reiss, H., Kaner, R.B., Anderson, M.R. and Matts, B.R., Science, 252, 1412 (1991).Google Scholar