Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-rnj55 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-19T19:28:10.543Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Improved Routes to Nanocrystalline Metal Oxide Films for Dye-Sensitised Solar Cells and Related Applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2011

Iain P. O'Hare
Affiliation:
The University of Manchester, Department of Chemistry and the Materials Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
Kuvasani Govender
Affiliation:
The University of Manchester, Department of Chemistry and the Materials Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
Paul O'Brien
Affiliation:
The University of Manchester, Department of Chemistry and the Materials Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, U.K
Get access

Abstract

Nanoporous metal oxide thin films are currently attracting interest for a wide range of electronic applications, including sensors and dye-sensitised photovoltaic cells. However, limited, and poorly controlled, film fabrication routes represent a key factor impeding the development of such devices. To date, device applications have largely been limited to sol-gelfabricated nanocrystalline films of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Such studies have recently been extended to the application of an alternative film fabrication technique, notably that of chemical bath deposition (CBD), for the growth of zinc oxide (ZnO). One interesting feature of CBDfabricated films of ZnO is that, under specific conditions of supersaturation, highly reticulated layers may be obtained, such an observation suggesting that control of morphology is possible. Thick nanoporous films of ZnO have been deposited, upon conducting glass substrates, under both acidic and alkaline conditions, from a solution containing the metal ion, added acid or base, and either a chelating agent, such as ethylenediamine or triethanolamine, or a buffer, hexamethylenetetraamine (HMT). The deposition rate is controlled by systematic adjustment of both temperature and pH, together with the nature, and relative concentration, of the reactants in the solution (chelating agent or metal ion). The material properties of the resulting films have been characterised through the use of a range of techniques, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Analysis by XRays (EDAX), and the results are discussed within the context of the suitability of the deposited films for incorporation within nanocrystalline devices.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. O'Regan, B. and Grätzel, M., Nature, 353, 737 (1991).Google Scholar
2. Schwarzburg, K. and Willig, F., Appl. Phys. Lett., 58, 2520 (1991).Google Scholar
3. Shimizu, M. and Katayama, T., J. Appl. Phys., 101, 171 (1990).Google Scholar
4. Minami, T., Nanto, H. and Takata, S., Thin Solid Films, 124, 43 (1985).Google Scholar
5. Noqushi, S. and Sakatta, H., J. Phys. D., 13, 1129 (1980).Google Scholar
6. Falcony, C., Ortiz, A. and Gracia, M., J. Appl. Phys., 63, 2378 (1988).Google Scholar
7. Zhang, D. H. and Brodie, D. E., Thin Solid Films, 213, 109 (1992).Google Scholar
8. O'Brien, P., Saeed, T. and Knowles, J., J. Mater. Chem., 6, 1135 (1996).Google Scholar
9. Mitra, P., Chatterjee, A. P. and Maiti, H. S., J. Mat. Sci.: Materials in Electronics, 9, 441 (1998).Google Scholar
10. Sharma, A. K., Patil, P. S. and Sharma, T. P., Bulletin of Electrochemistry, 16, 367 (2000).Google Scholar
11. Vayssieres, L., Keis, K., S-E. Lindquist and Hagfeldt, A., submitted to J. Phys. Chem. B.Google Scholar
12.Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) Database, PDF No 36-1451.Google Scholar
13.Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) Database, PDF No 41-1445. H8.14.6Google Scholar