Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-m8s7h Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T02:53:01.875Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Jamming in Liquids and Granular Materials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2011

C. S. O'Hern ,
S. A. Langer ,
A. J. Liu  and
S. R. Nagel
C. S. O'Hern
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1569 The James Franck Institute and the Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
S. A. Langer
Affiliation:
Information Technology Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899–8910
A. J. Liu
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1569
S. R. Nagel
Affiliation:
The James Franck Institute and the Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
Get access

Extract

Many systems can develop a yield stress while in an amorphous state. For example, a supercooled liquid, when cooled sufficiently, forms a glass - an amorphous solid with a yield stress. Another common example is a granular material which will remain solid and not move even under the influence of moderate stresses. This accounts for why piles of grain or sand can exist with a non-zero slope even though gravity is acting to flatten out the upper surface. The solidity in that case is due to the system having become jammed. Similar jamming often inhibits flow out of a hopper or in conduits transporting material across a factory floor. Jamming is a ubiquitous phenomenon occurring in many different systems such as colloidal suspensions, foams and, of course, traffic. We tend to think of the jamming transition as being stress-induced. A “fluid” at constant density (or under a confining pressure) flows if the stress is above the yield stress but becomes stuck in an amorphous configuration if the stress is too low. The idea of temperature, per se, does not seem to be crucial to the transition. This makes it seems quite different from the formation of a glass out of a supercooled liquid by lowering the temperature. However, there are similarities between these two types of transitions, aside from the obvious fact that they both have to do with the complete arrest of dynamics and flow. An exploration of these similarities was the subject of a program at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara held in the Autumn of 1997. A synopsis of this program was published that details some of the interesting ideas now current in that field.[1]

Type
Research Article
Information
MRS Online Proceedings Library (OPL) , Volume 627: Symposium BB – The Granular State , 2000 , BB1.1
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

[1] Nagel, S. R., “Jam Session, Santa Barbara, 1997,” Europhysics News 29 #2, 58–59 (March/April 1998).Google Scholar
[2] Liu, A. J. and Nagel, S. R., “Jamming is not just cool any more,” Nature 396, 21–22 (1998).Google Scholar
[3] Cates, M. E., Wittmer, J. P., Bouchaud, J.-P. and Claudin, P., “Jamming, force chains, and fragile matter,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1841–1844 (1998).Google Scholar
[4] Trappe, V., Prasad, V., Segre, P. N., Cipelletti, L., and Weitz, D. A., “Jamming transition in suspensions of weakly attractive colloidal particles,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., (2000).Google Scholar
[5] Dantu, P., “Étude expérimentale d'un milieu pulvérent,” Annales des Ponts et Chaussées IV, 193–202 (1967).Google Scholar
[6] Travers, T., Ammi, M., Bideau, D., Gervois, A., Messager, J. C., and Troadec, J. P., “Mechanical size effects in 2d granular media,” Journal de Physique, 49, 939–948 (1988).Google Scholar
[7] Liu, C.-h., Nagel, S. R., Schecter, D. A., Coppersmith, S. N., Majumdar, S., Narayan, O., Witten, T. A., “Force Fluctuations in Bead Packs,” Science 269, 513–515 (1995).Google Scholar
[8] Coppersmith, S. N., Liu, C. H., Majumdar, S., Narayan, O., and Witten, T. A., “Model for force fluctuations in bead packs,” Physical Review E, 53, 4673–4685 (1996).Google Scholar
[9] Radjai, F., Jean, M., Moreau, J.-J. and Roux, S., “Force Distributions in Dense Two-Dimensional Granular Systems,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 274–277 (1996).Google Scholar
[10] Thornton, C., “Force Transmission in Granular Media,” KONA 15, 81–90 (1997).Google Scholar
[11] Luding, S., “Stress distribution in static two-dimensional granular model media in the absence of friction,” Phys. Rev. E 55, 4720–4729 (1997).Google Scholar
[12] Mueth, D. M., Jaeger, H. M., and Nagel, S. R., “Force Distribution in a Granular Medium,” Phys. Rev. E 57, 3164–3169 (1998).Google Scholar
[13] Veje, C. T., Howell, D. W., and Behringer, R. P., “Kinematics of a two-dimensional granular Couette experiment at the transition to shearing,” Phys. Rev. E 59, 739–745 (1999);Google Scholar
Howell, D., Behringer, R. P. and Veje, C., “Stress Fluctuations in a 2D Granular Couette Experiment: A Continuous Transition,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 5241–5244 (1999).Google Scholar
[14] Farr, R. S., Melrose, J. R. and Ball, R. C., “Kinetic Theory of Jamming in Hard-Sphere Startup Flows,” Phys. Rev. E 55, 7203–7211 (1997);Google Scholar
Melrose, J. R. and Ball, R. C., “The pathological behavior of sheared hard spheres with hydrodynamic interaction,” Europhys. Lett. 32, 535–540 (1995).Google Scholar
[15] Cates, M. E., Wittmer, J. P., Bouchaud, J.-P. and Claudin, P., “Jamming and Static Stress Transmission in Granular Materials,” Chaos 9, 511–522 (1999).Google Scholar
[16] Lovoll, G., Maaloy, K. J., and Fekkoy, E. G., “Force measurements on static granular materials,” Phys. Rev. E 60, 5872 (1999).Google Scholar
[17] Sexton, M. G., Socolar, J. E. S., and Schaeffer, D. G., “Force distribution in a scaler model for noncohesive granular material,” Phys. Rev. E 60, 1999 (1999).Google Scholar
[18] Makse, H. A., Johnson, D. L. and Schwartz, L. M., “Packing of Compressible Granular Materials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4160–4163 (2000).Google Scholar
[19] Longhi, E. C., Easwar, N., and Menon, N., “Force fluctuations in a flowing granular material,” Bull. Am. Phys. Soc., (2000).Google Scholar
[20] Blair, D. L., Mueggenburg, N. W., Marshall, A. H., Jaeger, H. M., and Nagel, S. R., (unpublished).Google Scholar
[21] O'Hern, C. S., Langer, S. A., Liu, A. J. and Nagel, S. R. (preprint).Google Scholar
[22] Widom, B., “Potential-Distribution Theory and the Statistical Mechanics of Fluids,” J. Phys. Chem. 86, 869–872 (1982).Google Scholar
[23] Powles, J. G. and Fowler, R. F., “A simple property of a simple liquid,” Molecular Physics 62, 1079–1084 (1987).Google Scholar
[24] Durian, D. J., “Foam mechanics at the bubble scale,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, 4780–4783 (1995);Google Scholar
Durian, D. J., “Bubble-scale model of foam mechanics: Melting, nonlinear behavior, and avalanches,” Phys. Rev. E, 55, 1739–1751 (1997).Google Scholar
[25] Schmidtrohr, K. and Spiess, H. W., “Nature of Nonexponential Loss of Correlation Above the Glass Transition Investigated By Multidimensional Nmr,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 3020–3023 (1991).Google Scholar
[26] Fujara, F., Geil, B., Sillescu, H., and Fleischer, G., “Translational and Rotational Diffusion in Supercooled Orthoterphenyl Close to the Glass Transition,” Zeitschrift Fur Physik B-Cond. Matt. 88, 195–204 (1992);Google Scholar
Kasper, A., Bartsch, E., and Sillescu, H., “Self-diffusion in concentrated colloid suspensions studied by digital video microscopy of core-shell tracer particles,” Langmuir, 14, 5004–5010 (1998).Google Scholar
[27] Cicerone, M. T. and Ediger, M. D., “Relaxation of Spatially Heterogeneous Dynamic Domains in Supercooled Ortho-Terphenyl,” J. Chem. Phys. 103, 5684–5692 (1995);Google Scholar
Cicerone, M. T. and Ediger, M. D., “Enhanced Translation of Probe Molecules in Supercooled O-Terphenyl - Signature of Spatially Heterogeneous Dynamics,” J. Chem. Phys. 104, 7210–7218 (1996);Google Scholar
Wang, C. Y. and Ediger, M. D., “How long do regions of different dynamics persist in supercooled o-terphenyl?,” J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 4177–4184 (1999).Google Scholar
[28] Tracht, U., Wilhelm, M., Heuer, A., Feng, H., SchmidtRohr, K., and Spiess, H. W., “Length scale of dynamic heterogeneities at the glass transition determined by multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 81, 2727–2730 (1998).Google Scholar
[29] Schiener, B., Bohmer, R., Loidl, A., and Chamberlin, R. V., “Nonresonant Spectral Hole Burning in the Slow Dielectric Response of Supercooled Liquids,” Science, 274, 752–754 (1996).Google Scholar
[30] Kegel, W. K. and van Blaaderen, A., “Direct observation of dynamical heterogeneities in colloidal hard-sphere suspensions,” Science, 287, 290–293 (2000).Google Scholar
[31] Leheny, R. L., Menon, N., Nagel, S. R., Price, D. L., Suzuya, K., and Thiyagarajan, P., “Structural Studies of an Organic Liquid through the Glass Transition,” J. Chem. Phys. 105, 7783–7794 (1996).Google Scholar