2023 marks the tercentenary of the birth of Adam Smith. A towering figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, his writings helped to establish the discipline we now refer to as Political Economy. Indeed, many of his ideas remain the foundation of economic theories still in use today. It is this ongoing relevance, and the lessons we can take from Smith’s methods, that binds the papers in this Special Issue together. The Special Issue draws upon excellent contributions from renowned scholars covering a wide array of Smith’s contributions to economics and political economy.