Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-68ccn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-14T14:16:30.290Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Presidential Rhetoric and Nationalism: Evidence from Russia and Ukraine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2020

Nataliia Kasianenko*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, California State University, Fresno, California, USA
*
*Corresponding author. Email: natkas@csufresno.edu

Abstract

This article leverages saliency theory to explore how regimes may use state-controlled media to intensify nationalism and gain legitimacy. I explore mainstream news coverage in Russia and Ukraine with a particular emphasis on how political leadership frames nationalist rhetoric in the two countries to emphasize certain issues over others. I focus on relevant media content that contains nationalist rhetoric before and after the invasion of Russia into Ukraine’s territory in the spring of 2014. Content analysis suggests that political leaders in both countries have focused on political issues, while largely ignoring economic issues in their nationalist rhetoric. The analysis also shows that state leaders can successfully promote nationalism by emphasizing cultural issues and concerns.

Type
Article
Copyright
© Association for the Study of Nationalities 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Administration of the President of the Russian Federation. 2014. “Vladimir Putin Otvetil na Voprosy Zhurnalistov o Situazii na Ukraine.” March 4. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20366. (Accessed January 5, 2015.)Google Scholar
Alexseev, Mikhail A., and Hale, Henry E.. 2015. “A New Wave of Russian Nationalism? What Really Changed in Public Opinion After Crimea.” PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 362 (May). http://www.ponarseurasia.org/memo/new-wave-russian-nationalism. (Accessed October 12, 2018.)Google Scholar
Allen, Cleo. 2005. “Foreign News Coverage in Selected U.S. Newspapers 1927–1997: A Content Analysis.” PhD dissertation, Louisiana State University.Google Scholar
Anckar, Carsten. 2008. “On the Applicability of the Most Similar Systems Design and the Most Different Systems Design in Comparative Research.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 11 (5): 389401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
Barkey, Karen, and von Hagen, Mark. 1997. After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building: The Soviet Union and the Russian, Ottoman, and Habsburg Empires. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
BBC. 2014a. “Ukraine Crisis: Timeline.” November 13. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26248275. (Accessed January 5, 2016.)Google Scholar
BBC. 2014b. “Kto Vladeyet SMI v Rossii: Vedushie Holdingi.” June 11. http://www.bbc.com/russian/russia/2014/07/140711_russia_media_holdings. (Accessed January 10, 2015.)Google Scholar
Bennett, W. Lance, and Paletz, David L., eds. 1994. Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and US Foreign Policy in the Gulf War. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Billig, Michael. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Boghani, Priyanka. 2015. “Putin’s Legal Crackdown on Civil Society.” January 13. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/foreign-affairs-defense/putins-way/putins-legal-crackdown-on-civil-society/. (Accessed January 30, 2015.)Google Scholar
Brookes, Rod. 1999. “Newspapers and National Identity: The BSE/CJD Crisis and the British Press.” Media, Culture, and Society 21 (2): 247263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, David. 1999. “Are There Good and Bad Nationalisms?Nations and Nationalism 5 (2): 281302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 2004. “In the Name of the Nation: Reflections on Nationalism and Patriotism 1.” Citizenship Studies 8 (2): 115127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budge, Ian. 1994. “A New Spatial Theory of Party Competition: Uncertainty, Ideology and Policy Equilibria Viewed Comparatively and Temporally.” British Journal of Political Science 24 (4): 443467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budge, Ian. 2001. Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments. 1945–1998. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
de Mesquita, Bueno, Bruce, James D. Morrow, Siverson, Randolph M., and Smith, Alastair. 1999. “An Institutional Explanation of the Democratic Peace.” American Political Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castles, Stephen, and Miller, Mark J.. 1998. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Hong Kong: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Warren, T. Camber, and Sornette, Didier. 2011. “Testing Clausewitz: Nationalism, Mass Mobilization, and the Severity of War.” International Organization 65 (4): 605638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutsch, Karl W. 1966. Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundation of Nationalism, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Eatwell, Roger. 2003. “Ten Theories of the Extreme Right.” In Right-Wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century, edited by Merkl, Peter H. and Weinberg, Leonard, 4570. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Etling, Bruce, Alexanyan, Karina, Kelly, John, Faris, Robert, Palfrey, John, and Gasser, Urs. 2011. “Mapping RuNet Politics and Mobilization.” Berkman Center Research Publication No. 2010-11. http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Public_Discourse_in_the_Russian_Blogosphere_2010.pdf. (Accessed January 30, 2015.)Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. 1994. “Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes.” American Political Science Review 88 (September): 577592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FOM. Public Opinion Foundation. 2009. “Internet in Russia, Special Release.” April 23. http://bd.fom.ru/report/cat/smi/smi_int/d091617. (Accessed January 30, 2015.)Google Scholar
Franklin, Mark, Marsh, Michael, and Wlezien, Christopher. 1994. "Attitudes toward Europe and Referendum Votes: A Response to Siune and Svensson." Electoral Studies 13 (2): 117121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedom, House. 2013. “Freedom in the World 2013.” https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW 2013 Booklet_0.pdf. (Accessed February 16, 2016.)Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2014a. “Freedom in the World 2014.” https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202014%20Scores%20-%20Countries%20and%20Territories.pdf. (Accessed February 16, 2016.)Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2014b. “Freedom of the Press. Russia.” 2014. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/russia. (Accessed May 16, 2016.)Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2014c. “Freedom of the Press. Ukraine.” https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2014/ukraine. (Accessed May 16, 2016.)Google Scholar
Galtung, Johan, and Ruge, Mari. 1965. “The Structure of Foreign News: The Presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus Crises in Four Norwegian Newspapers.” Journal of Peace Research 2 (1): 6490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gehlbach, Scott. 2010. “Reflections on Putin and the Media.” Post-Soviet Affairs 26 (1): 7787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gellner, Ernest. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Gledhill, John. 2005. “The Power of Ethnic Nationalism: Foucault’s Bio-Power and the Development of Ethnic Nationalism in Eastern Europe.” National Identities 7 (4): 347368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hechter, Michael. 2000. Containing Nationalism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Herb, Guntram Henrik. 1997. Under the Map of Germany: Nationalism and Propaganda 1918–1945. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric J. 2012. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchings, Stephen, and Tolz, Vera. 2012. “Fault Lines in Russia’s Discourse of Nation: Television Coverage of the December 2010 Moscow Riots.” Slavic Review 71 (4): 873899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, Rabier, Jacques-Rene, and Reif, Karlheinz. 1991. “The Evolution of Public Attitudes toward European Integration: 1970–86.” In Eurobarometer: The Dynamics of European Public Opinion, edited by Reif, Karlheinz and Inglehart, Ronald, 135155. London: Macmillian.Google Scholar
KIIS. 2014. “ZMI ta Dovira do Ukrayinskyh ta Rosiyskyh ZMI.” http://kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=425&page=1. (Accessed January 30, 2015.)Google Scholar
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Hofferbert, Richard, and Budge, Ian. 1994. Parties, Policies and Democracies. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Kohn, Hans. 1944. The Idea of Nationalism. A Study in Its Origins and Background. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Korol, Dmytro, Vinnychuk, Yuri, and Kosenko, Diana. 2015. “Informatsiya–Zbroya: Komu Nalezhat Ukrainski ZMI.” http://www.theinsider.ua/infographics/2014/2015_smi/vlasnyky.html. (Accessed January 12, 2016.)Google Scholar
Krippendorff, Klaus. 2004. “Reliability in Content Analysis: Some Common Misconceptions and Recommendations.” Human Communication Research 30 (3): 411433.Google Scholar
Kuzio, Taras. 2015. “Competing Nationalisms, Euromaidan, and the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 15 (1): 157169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Center, Levada. 2014a. “Rossiyskiy Media-Landshaft: Televidenie, Pressa, Internet.” http://www.levada.ru/17-06-2014/rossiiskii-media-landshaft-televidenie-pressa-internet. (Accessed December 15, 2015.)Google Scholar
Center, Levada. 2014b. “Obshcheestvennoe mnenie 2014” [“Public Opinion 2014”]. http://www.levada.ru/sites/default/files/om14.pdf. (Accessed April 27, 2017.)Google Scholar
Lipman, Masha. 2005. “Constrained or Irrelevant: The Media in Putin’s Russia.” Current History 104 (684): 319324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luhn, Alec. 2014. “The Ukrainian Nationalism at the Heart of ‘Euromaidan.’” The Nation. January 21. http://www.thenation.com/article/178013/ukrainian-nationalism-heart-euromaidan#. (Accessed January 25, 2014.)Google Scholar
Moen-Larsen, Natalia. 2014. “‘Normal Nationalism’: Alexei Navalny, LiveJournal and ‘the Other.’” East European Politics 30 (4): 548567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, John E. 1973. War, Presidents, and Public Opinion. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Onuch, Olga, and Hale, Henry E.. 2018. “Capturing Ethnicity: The Case of Ukraine.” Post-Soviet Affairs 34 (2–3): 84106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelizzo, R. 2003. “Party Positions or Party Direction? An Analysis of Party Manifesto Data.” West European Politics 26 (2): 6789.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Polity IV. 2013. “Polity IV Individual Country Regime Trends, 1946–2013.” http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm. (Accessed December 12, 2015.)Google Scholar
Popkin, Samuel L. 1991. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popova, Maria. 2012. Politicized Justice in Emerging Democracies: A Study of Courts in Russia and Ukraine. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posen, Barry. 1993. “Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power.” International Security 18 (2): 80124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centre, Razumkov. 2016. “Ukrainian Identity: Changes, Trends, Regional Aspects.” National Security and Defence 3–4 (161–162): 3940.Google Scholar
Reporters Without Borders. 2015. “2015 World Press Freedom Index.” http://index.rsf.org/#!/. (Accessed January 15, 2016.)Google Scholar
Ryabinska, Natalya. 2014. "Media Capture in Post-Communist Ukraine: Actors, Methods, and Conditions." Problems of Post-Communism 61 (2): 4660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryabinska, Natalya. 2017. Ukraine’s Post-Communist Mass Media: Between Capture and Commercialization. Stuttgart, Germany: Ibidem-Verlag/Ibidem Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony D. 1991. "The Nation: Invented, Imagined, Reconstructed?" Millennium—Journal of International Studies 20 (3): 353368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, Jack. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Suny, Ronald Grigor. 1993. The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Szostek, Joanna. 2014a. "Russia and the News Media in Ukraine: A Case of ‘Soft Power’?" East European Politics & Societies 28 (3): 463486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szostek, Joanna. 2014b. "The Media Battles of Ukraine’s EuroMaidan." Digital Icons 11: 119.Google Scholar
The World Bank. 2013. “World Development Indicators.” http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/WDI-2013-ebook.pdf. (Accessed February 16, 2016.)Google Scholar
Van Evera, Stephen. 1994. “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War.” International Security 18 (4): 539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Way, Lucan A. 2005. “Authoritarian State Building and the Sources of Regime Competitiveness in the Fourth Wave: The Cases of Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine.” World Politics 57 (2): 231261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weeks, Jessica L. 2008. “Autocratic Audience Costs: Regime Type and Signaling Resolve.” International Organization 62 (1): 3564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, David. 2013. Propaganda, Power and Persuasion: From World War I to Wikileaks. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Yudina, Natalia. 2014. “Beware the Rise of the Russian Ultra-Right.” The Moscow Times. September 11. http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/beware-the-rise-of-the-russian-ultra-right/506876.html. (Accessed January 21, 2015.)Google Scholar
Yudina, Natalia, and Alperovich, Vera. 2015, April. “Calm Before the Storm? Xenophobia and Radical Nationalism in Russia, and Efforts to Counteract Them in 2014.” http://www.sova-center.ru/en/xenophobia/reports-analyses/2015/04/d31818/. (Accessed January 15, 2016.)Google Scholar
Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Kasianenko Supplementary Materials

Kasianenko Supplementary Materials 1

Download Kasianenko Supplementary Materials(File)
File 13.2 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Kasianenko Supplementary Materials

Kasianenko Supplementary Materials 2

Download Kasianenko Supplementary Materials(PDF)
PDF 61.5 KB
Supplementary material: File

Kasianenko Supplementary Materials

Kasianenko Supplementary Materials 3

Download Kasianenko Supplementary Materials(File)
File 37.2 KB
Supplementary material: File

Kasianenko Supplementary Materials

Kasianenko Supplementary Materials 4

Download Kasianenko Supplementary Materials(File)
File 15.3 KB