Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-fnpn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-26T11:11:09.115Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Urban commemoration and literature in post-Soviet L'viv: a comparative analysis with the Polish experience

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Uilleam Blacker*
Affiliation:
St Antony's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Abstract

This article analyzes how the Poles and Jews who disappeared from the western Ukrainian city of L'viv as a result of the Second World War are remembered in the city today. It examines a range of commemorative practices, from monuments and museums to themed cafes and literature, and analyzes how these practices interact to produce competing mnemonic narratives. In this respect, the article argues for an understanding of the city as a complex text consisting of a diverse range of mutually interdependent mnemonic media produced by a range of actors. The article focuses in particular on the ways in which Ukrainian nationalist narratives interact with the memory of the city's “lost others.” The article also seeks to understand L'viv‘s memory culture through comparison with a range of Polish cities that have faced similar problems with commemorating vanished communities, but have witnessed a deeper recognition of these communities than has been the case in L'viv. The article proposes reasons for the divergences between the memory cultures of L'viv and that found in Polish cities, and attempts to outline the gradual processes by which L'viv‘s Polish and Jewish pasts might become more widely integrated into the city's memory culture.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 2014 Association for the Study of Nationalities 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amar, Tarik Cyril. 2011. “Different but the Same, or the Same but Different? Public Memory of the Second World War in Post-Soviet L'viv.” Journal of Modern European History 9 (3): 373394.Google Scholar
Andrukhovych, Iurii.[1996] 2004. Perverziia. L'viv: VNTL Klasyka.Google Scholar
Andrukhovych, Iurii.[1997] 2006. Dezorientatsii na mistsevosti. Ivano-Frankivs'k: Lileia-NV.Google Scholar
Andrukhovych, Iurii. 2011. Leksykon intimnykh mist. Kam'ianets'-Podil's'kyi: Meridian Czernowitz.Google Scholar
Andryczyk, Mark. 2012. The Intellectual as Hero in 1990s Ukrainian Fiction. Toronto: Toronto University Press.Google Scholar
Assmann, Jan. 1995. “Cultural Memory and Collective Identity.” New German Critique 65: 125133.Google Scholar
Assmann, Jan. 2006. Religion and Cultural Memory: Ten Studies. Translated by Rodney Livingstone. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Balyns'kyi, Ihor, and Matiash, Bohdana, eds. 2008. Leopolis Multiplex. L'viv: GraniT.Google Scholar
Bartov, Omer. 2007. Erased. Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-day Ukraine. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Boym, Svetlana. 2001. The Future of Nostalgia. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Chodakiewicz, Marek J., and Muszynski, Wojciech J., eds. 2011. Zlote serca czy zlote zniwa? Studie nad wojennymi losami Polaków i Żydów. Warsaw: De Facto.Google Scholar
Etkind, Alexander. 2004. “Hard and Soft in Cultural Memory: Political Mourning in Russia and Germany.” Grey Room 16: 3659.Google Scholar
Gitelman, Zvi. 1997. “Politics and the Historiography of the Holocaust in the Soviet Union.” In Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR, edited by Gitelman, Zvi, 1442. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Gross, Jan. 2003. Neighbours: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland. London: Arrow.Google Scholar
Hentosh, Liliana, and Tscherkes, Bohdan. 2009. “L'viv in Search of Its Identity: Transformations of the City's Public Space.” In Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity, edited by John Czaplicka, Nida Gelazis, and Ruble, Blair A., 255277. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Himka, John Paul. 2011. “The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd.” Canadian Slavonic Papers 53 (2/3/4): 209243.Google Scholar
Hnatiuk, Ola. 2003. Pozegnanie z Imperium: ukrairískie dyskusje o tozsamosci. Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii-Curie Sklodowskiej.Google Scholar
Hrytsak, Yaroslav. 2004. Strasti za natsionalizmom: istorychni esei. Kyiv: Krytyka.Google Scholar
Hrytsak, Yaroslav. 2005. “Historical and Regional Identity among Galicia's Ukrainians.” In Galicia: a Multicultured Land, edited by Robert Magocsi, Paul and Hahn, Chris, 185209. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Hrytsak, Yaroslav. 2009. “Holokost poprostu.” Ï 58. http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n58texts/hrycak.htm Google Scholar
“Ievreis'ka spadshchyna v Ukraini ta reprezentatsii Holokostu: obhovorennia knyzhky Omera Bartova ≪Zabuti≫.” 2009. Ukraina Moderna 4 (15): 273348.Google Scholar
Janicka, Elżbieta. 2011. Festung Warschau. Warsaw: Krytyka Polityczna.Google Scholar
Judt, Tony. 2010. Postwar: a History of Europe since 1945. London: Vintage.Google Scholar
Khromeychuk, Olesya. 2012. “The Shaping of ‘Historical Truth': Construction and Reconstruction of the Memory and Narrative of the Waffen SS ‘Galicia’ Division.” Canadian Slavonic Papers 54 (4): 443469.Google Scholar
Kotyńska, Katarzyna. 2003. “Uiavna pamiat’ paralelnykh svitiv.” Krytyka 3: 2627.Google Scholar
Lehrer, Erica. 2007. “Bearing False Witness? ‘Vicarious’ Jewish Identity and the Politics of Affinity.” In Imaginary Neighbours: Mediating Polish Jewish Relations after the Holocaust, edited by Glowacka, Dorota and Zylinska, Joanna, 84109. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Lemko, Il'ko. 2011. Tsikavynki z istorii L'vova. L'viv: Apriori.Google Scholar
Levy, Daniel, and Sznaider, Natan. 2010. Human Rights and Memory. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Malksöo, Maria. 2010. The Politics of Becoming European: A Study of Polish and Baltic Post-Cold War Security Imaginaries. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Malksöo, Maria. 2011. “Cosmopolitanising the Criminality of Communism: Competing Securitisation of the Soviet Legacy in Europe.” Paper presented at the Memory at War project seminar, Cambridge, March 8.Google Scholar
Meng, Michael. 2011. Shattered Spaces: Encountering Jewish Ruins in Postwar Germany and Poland. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Michlic, Joanna B. 2012. “'Remembering to Remember,’ ‘Remembering to Benefit,’ ‘Remembering to Forget': The Variety of Memories of Jews and the Holocaust in Postcommunist Poland.” Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, January 3. http://jcpa.org/article/remembering-to-remember-remembering-to-benefit-remembering-to-forget-the-variety-of-memories-of-jews-and-the-holocaust-in-postcommunist-poland/ Google Scholar
Mink, Georges, and Neumayer, Laure, eds. 2007. L'Europe et ses passés douloureux. Paris: La Découverte.Google Scholar
Müller, Jan-Werner, ed. 2002. Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Naimark, Norman. 2003. “Ethnic Cleansing Between War and Peace.” In Landscaping the Human Garden: Twentieth Century Population Management in a Comparative Framework, edited by Weiner, Amir, 167188. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohannan. 2009. The Anti-Imperial Choice: The Making of the Ukrainian Jew. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Polonsky, Antony, and Michlic, Joanna B. 2004. “Introduction.” In The Neighbours Respond: The Controversy over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland, edited by Polonsky, Antony and Michlic, Joanna B., 142. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Portnov, Andriy. 2008. “Pluralität der Errinerung: Denkmäler und Geschichtspolitik in der Ukraine.” Osteuropa 58 (6): 197210.Google Scholar
Portnov, Andriy. 2013. “Memory Wars in Post-Soviet Ukraine (1991-2010).” In Memory and Theory in Eastern Europe, edited by Blacker, Uilleam, Etkind, Alexander, and Fedor, Julie, 233254. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rasevych, Vasyl'. 2008. “Leopolis Multiplex.” In Leopolis Multiplex, edited by Ihor Balyns'kyi and Bohdana Matiash, 46-54. L'viv: GraniT.Google Scholar
Risch, William. 2011. The Ukrainian West: Culture and the Fate of Empire in Soviet Lviv. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Rothberg, Michael. 2009. Multidirectional Memory: Remembering the Holocaust in the Age of Decolonization. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Sezneva, Olga. 2009. “Locating Kaliningrad/Königsberg on the Map of Europe.” In Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity, edited by Czaplicka, John, Geladiz, Nina, and Ruble, Blair A., 195215. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Sheikhet, Meilekh. 2013. “Dopovid’ Meilekha Sheikheta prysviachena do Dnia Holokosta.” Jewishheritage.org.ua, 28 January, http://www.jewishheritage.org.ua/ua/2491/dopovid-mejlaha-shejheta-prysvjachena-dnju-goloksta.html Google Scholar
Shun', Maria, ed. 2011. Leopoltvis: naukovo-literaturna rozvidka pro Poltvu ta misto na Poltvi. L'viv: Piramida.Google Scholar
Snyder, Timothy. 2002. “Memory of Sovereignty and Sovereignty over Memory: Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine, 1939–1999.” In Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past, edited by Müller, Jan-Werner, 3958. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Steinlauf, Michael C. 1997. Bondage to the Dead: Poland and the Memory of the Holocaust. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Thum, Gregor. 2011. Uprooted: How Breslau Became Wroclaw During the Century of Expulsions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Vynnychuk, Iurii. 2003. Mal'va Landa. L'viv: Piramida.Google Scholar
Vynnychuk, Iurii. 2008. Taiemnytsi l'vivs'koi kavy. L'viv: Piramida.Google Scholar
Vynnychuk, Iurii. 2013. Tango smerti. Kharkiv: Folio.Google Scholar
Weiner, Amir. 2003. “When Memory Counts: War, Genocide and Postwar Soviet Jewry.” In Landscaping the Human Garden: Twentieth Century Population Management in a Comparative Framework, edited by Weiner, Amir, 167188. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Yekelchyk, Serhy. 2004. Stalin's Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Young, James E. 1993. The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Zawada, Andrzej. 1996. Bresław: Eseje o Miejscach. Wroclaw: Okis.Google Scholar
Zayarnyuk, Andriy. 2001. “On the Frontiers of Central Europe: Ukrainian Galicia at the Turn of the Millenium.” Spaces of Identity 1(1). http://www.yorku.ca/soi/Vol_1/_HTML/Zayarnyuk.html Google Scholar
Zayarnyuk, Andriy. 2006. “Lviv über alles, an Eden for Intellectuals.” In Floodgates Technologies, Cultural (Ex)change and the Persistence of Place, edited by Ingram, Susan, Reisenleitner, Markus, and Szabó-Knotik, Cornelia, 149184. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Zhurzhenko, Tatiana. 2010. Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine. Stuttgart: Ibidem.Google Scholar