1. Zevelev, A.I., in “Protiv fal'sifikatorov istorii Srednei Azii i Kazakhstana,” Voprosy istorii, 9 (1963), mentions Wheeler, Kolarz, Caroe, Pipes, as well as Hayit, but not a single French author.Google Scholar

“Antisovetizm — odno iz glavnykh napravlenii v ideologii sovremennogo imperializma,” (unsigned), Kommunist, N. 10, 1965, mentions US and German “propaganda centers”, several U.S. and German scholars in the field of nationalities problems such as Kolarz, Pipes, Mehnert, Shapiro, and Rywkin, but not a single French author.Google Scholar

Kirgizskii Gos. Universitet, Problemy sblizheniia sotsialisticheskikh natsii v period stroitel'stva kommunizma (Frunze: Mektep, 1966) mentions several English-language writers such as Barghoorn, Baczkowsky, Park, Towster, Hostler, Dinerstein, Wheeler, Kolarz, Seton-Watson, Henze (and also Hayit who publishes in German), but no French authors.Google Scholar

N.I. Bronskii, S. Badal'ian, “Natsional'nye otnosheniia na severnom Kavkaze v krivom zerkale antikommunizma.” In S.M. Arutiunian (ed.) Razvitie natsional'nykh otnoshenii na sovremennom etape kommunisticheskogo stroitel'stva (Piatigorsk, 1968) attacks “the ideologists of anti-communism, Kolarz, Barghoorn, Pipes, Seton-Watson and one German. A few French writers, none of whom is known to me and are not quoted but just mentioned in their Cyrillic spelling, are qualified as dobrosovestnye (“conscientious”).Google Scholar

Rzhaev, D., Razvitie natsional'nykh otnoshenii v respublikakh sovetskogo vostoka. Kritika antikommunizma v natsional'nom voprose (Frunze, Kyrgyzstan, 1968) supplies a list of “especially active Western writers”: A. Park, J. Towster, W. Kolarz, V. Douglas, R. Pipes, F. Barghoorn, E. Carr, V. Baczkowsky, H. Dinerstein, J. Hazard, R. Smal-Stocki, S. Wurm, M. Chokaev. O. Caroe and S. Zenkowsky are also listed. No Frenchmen again.Google Scholar

A.M. Gindin and S.G. Markov, “Razvitie natsional'nykh otnoshenii v SSSR i osushchestvlenie leninskikh idei internatsional'nogo vospitaniia trudiashchikhsia” Voprosy istorii KPSS, N. 2, 1970, names the Frenchman Raymond Aron among “bourgeois ideologists”, but in nationalities affairs limits its attacks to English and U.S. scholars (Kolarz, Rywkin).Google Scholar

B.I. Marushkin, Istoriia v sovremennoi ideololgicheskoi bor'be (strolitel'stvo sotsializma v SSSR skvoz' prizmu antikommunisticheskoi istoriografii SShA), Moscow, Mysl', 1972, in addition to American writers, includes two English ones. The French do not figure.Google Scholar

Tursunbaev, A., Torzhestvo sotsialisticheskogo internatsionalizm, (Alma-Ata, 1973), blames Western scholars for attributing to the Soviet regime the capitalist principle of “divide et impera”. No Westerners are mentioned by name, only the Turkestani emigré Hayit.Google Scholar

Khristofanov, V.I., “Ob iskazhenii v burzhuaznoi istoriografii resheniia II Kongressa Kominterna po natsional'nomu i kolonial'nomu voprosam,” in Leningrad University, Chair of History of the CPSU. Nekotorye voprosy natsiona'noi politiki KPSS (Leningrad, 1974), quotes McKenzie, S. Page, D. Boersner (W. Germany), R. Pipes, J. Spector, and no French scholars.Google Scholar

Groshev, I.I., Chechenkina, O.I., Kritika burzhuaznoi fal'sifikatsii natsional'noi politiki KPSS (Moscow: Mysl', 1974) criticizes several American, English and German writers. The only French author mentioned is Fay in Le Monde Diplomatique, Sept. 1972.Google Scholar

Dzhunusov, M., Dve tendentsii sotsializma v natsional'nykh otnosheniiakh (Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 1975) refers to “ideologists of anticommunism”, but quotes only one German. The main point is the Western view of the Soviet people as a nation of “russo-Soviet” type.Google Scholar

, However, Aminova, R. Kh., “Izuchenie istoricheskogo reshenia natsional'nogo voprosa v SSSR. Na primere respublik Srednei Azii,” Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, N.4, 1972 already includes A. Bennigsen and Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, who are said to “tread around”.Google Scholar

2. Khidoiatov, G., Strolitel'stvo sotsializma v Srednei Azii i sovremennyi anti-kommunizm (Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 1978) p. 61. Bennigsen is lumped together with a whole array of American scholars.Google Scholar

3. Inamdzhanova, G.Z. Natsional'naia gosudarstvennost' Uzbekistana i ee fal'sifikatory (Tashkent: FAN, 1977) again omits all attacks on French scholars.Google Scholar

Kasymov, F.K., “Kritika burzhuaznoi fal'sifikatsii istorii Bukharskoi revoliutsii 1920 g,” Istoriia i istoriki. Istoriograficheskii ezhegodnik, 1977 (Moscow: Nauka, 1980), pp. 221 ff concentrates on English language authors such as Becker, Rywkin, Park, Wheeler, mentioning no French ones.Google Scholar

Akademia Nauk SSSR. Proletarskii internatsionalizm:voprosy ideologii i kul'tury. Materialy vsesoiuznoi nauchno-teoriticheskoi konferentsii (Moscow: Nauka, 1979), mentions American, English and German scholars; nothing about the French.Google Scholar

4. Akhtiamova, Iu.S., “Protiv burzhuaznoi fal'sifikatsii vklada narodov Srednei Azii v pobedu nad fashizmom” Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane 3 (1985), pp. 22–26.Google Scholar

5. Such scholarly volumes as Bromlei, Iu.V. (editor), Sovremennye etnicheskie protsessy v SSSR (Moscow: Nauka, 1975) and others contain no attacks on individual Western writings.Google Scholar

6. This information on the system comes from a Soviet emigré whose job was to criticize German-language writings on Soviet nationalities affairs.Google Scholar

7. Specifically dealing with French historiography (but not with Bennigsen): Afanas'ev, Iu. V., “Kharakteristika sovremennogo etapa frantsuzskoi burzhuaznoi istoriografii oktiabr'skoi revoliutsii,” Istoriia i istoriki. Istoricheskii ezhegodnik, vol. 7, 1974 (Moscow: Mysl: 1976).Google Scholar

Afanas'ev, Iu., “50 let evoliutsii frantsuzkoi shkoly ’Annalov‘ ot idei global' noi istorii k ideologii antirevoliutsionnosti,” ibid, vol. 10, 1977 (Moscow: Nauka, 1980).Google Scholar

Dzhangveladze, G.A., Kritika burzhuazhykh fal'sifikatorov natsional'noi politiki KPSS (Tbilisi: Akademiia Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR, 1964) attacks several German scholars as well as Richard Pipes, whose name has been mispelled as Peips, the author having probably seen some partial German translation of Pipes' English original. W. Kolarz is similarly quoted from a German translation of his work. Same for I. Zenushkina. Soviet Nationalities Policy and Bourgeois Historians The Formation of the Soviet Multinational State (1917-1921) in Contemporary American Historiography (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976).Google Scholar

Chertina, E.S., “O nekotorykh sovietologicheskikh kontseptsiakh natsional'nykh otnoshenii v SSSR na etape razvitogo sotsializma,” Istoriia SSSR, No. 3, 1981, deals exclusively with English-language sources but excludes A. Bennigsen's English-language publications.Google Scholar

Kiiutin, V., “Pristrastnyi verdikt sovetologov, ili kak na zapade izvrashchaetsia leninskaia natsional'naia politika, Sovetskaia Kirgiziia, 8.4.82, quotes only Conquest and Rywkin whose excerpts were probably the only ones presented to the “rebuff writer”.Google Scholar

8. Hans Kohn was so honored in a brochure by Kariakin, Iu. and Pil'niak, E., entitled Mister Kohn issleduet ’Russkii vopros' (Moscow: Gosizdat sotsial‘ noekonomicheskoi literatury, 1961).Google Scholar

9. Inoiatov, Kh., “O popytkakh fal'sifikatsii istorii sovetskikh respublik Srednei Azii,” Otchizna (Moscow 1972), fumes: “Books by Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Quelquejay … published by the Central Asian Research Center, a civilian branch of English intelligence services … are filled with slander at nationalities policies of the Soviet government.”Google Scholar

Tuzmukhamedov, R., How the National Question Was Solved in Central Asia (A Reply to Falsifiers) (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1973) lists as the “most notorious” Vernon V. Aspaturian, Serge Zenkovsky, Edward All worth, Alexander G. Park, Richard Pipes, Michael Rywkin and Elisabeth Bacon in the USA; Olaf Caroe, Walter Kolarz, J. A. Newth, Hugh Seton-Watson, Geoffrey Wheeler, Alex Nove and Ann Sheehy in Britain; Alexandre Bennigsen, Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay in France and Boris Meissner and Stefan Wurm in the Federal Republic of Germany. Exactly the same classification is repeated in A. Malashko, Voinstvuiushchii natsionalizm- ideologiia i politika imperializma (Minsk: Belarus', 1971). Thus the listing was obviously supplied from the same source.Google Scholar

10. Two of Bennigsen's works are currently most often mentioned in the rebuff press: Alexandre Bennigsen and Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, Islam in the Soviet Union (N.Y.: Praeger, 1967), and Alexandre A. Bennigsen and S. Enders Wimbush, Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union. A Revolutionary Strategy for the Colonial World (University of Chicago Press, 1979).Google Scholar

11. Inoiatov, Kh., Otvet fal'sifikatoram istorii sovetskoi Srednei Azii i Kazakhstan (Tashkent: Gosizdat, 1962), p. 121.Google Scholar

12. Inoiatov refers to Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique (1959), p. 108.Google Scholar

13. , Inoiatov, p. 106.Google Scholar

14. , Aminova, loc.cit. Google Scholar

15. Bennigsen, A., “Les limites de la déstalinization dans l'Islam Soviétique,” L'Afrique et l'Asie, 39 (1957).Google Scholar

16. Smirnov, N.A., Miuridizm na Kavkaze (Moscow: Akademia Nauk, 1963), pp. 36–37.Google Scholar

17. Akademia Nauk SSSR. Dagestanskii filial. Aktual'nye problemy razvitiia natsional'nykh otnoshenii SSSR (Makhach Kala, 1973).Google Scholar

18. Abdullaeva, M.A. and Kurbashev, R.O., “Criticism of some concepts of anticommunism on the problem of national relationships” (title from English table of contents), in ibid, 240ff.Google Scholar

19. Magomedov, M.A., “Anglo-amerikanskaia burzhuaznaia istoriografiia natsional'noi politiki sovietskogo gosudarstva na kavkaze,” Voprosy istorii 12 (1978).Google Scholar

20. In addition to Islam in the Soviet Union, two of Bennigsen's articles are mentioned: “Colonization and Decolonization in the Soviet Union,” Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 4 (1), 1967, and “Soviet Nationality Policy in Pracitce,” N.Y.-Washington, 1967 (no journal mentioned).Google Scholar

21. However Bagdasarov, K.A., “Raschety ‘sovetologov’ i sotsialisticheskaia deistvitel ‘nost’ Srednei Azii,” Akademiia Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR, Seriia obshchestvennykh nauk 1 (1979) again ignores Bennigsen and all other French writers.Google Scholar

22. Blinkin, IA.A., “Kak v amerikanskoi shkole prepodaiut i izuchaiut istoriiu SSSR” Istoriia i istoriki. Istoriograficheskii ezhegodnik, vol. 13, 1979, (Moscow: Nauka, 1982), p. 133 ff. Even Mobin Shorish is shown as more reasonable than Bennigsen: he at least is said to recognize Soviet economic achievements in the area (p. 147).Google Scholar

23. Salov, V., “The History of the formation of the USSR and its bourgeois falsifiers,” International Affairs (1983), p. 50. Salov refers to Bennigsen's “Sufi Brotherhood in North Caucasus” in Soviet Nationality Policies and Practices, ed J. Azrael (New York, 1978), p. 240.Google Scholar

24. Abdullaev, M., “Kul'turnoe nasledie i izmyshleniia antikommunistov,” Sovetskii Dagestan 2 (1983).Google Scholar

25. Turkmenskaia iskra; 11 September 1982. But Khidoiatov, K., Inoiatov, K. “Druzhba narodov SSSR v Krivom zerkale antikommunizma Kommunist Uzbekistana, N.1, '82, pp. 83ff deals with H. Carrère d'Encausse, and excludes the writers mentioned in Turkmenskaia Iskra. Google Scholar

26. Inoiatov, Kh., “Sovremennaia frantsuzskaia burzhuaznaia istoriografiia o nekotorykh aspektakh natsional'nykh otnoshenii v Sovetskoi Srednei Azii,” Istoriia SSSR 3 (1983).Google Scholar

27. , Blinkin, p. 149.Google Scholar

28. Koval', V.I., Korshunov, V.I., Osipov, V.P., Sila pravdy i bessilie Izhi (kritika burzhuaznoi istoriografii Leninskoi natsional'noi politiki KPSS v Kazakhstane), Alma-Ata, 1982, p. 43.Google Scholar

29. , Salov, p. 46.Google Scholar

30. Abdullaev, loc. cit. Another article published in Baku's newspaper, Kommunist (18 Dec. 1982) refers 3 times to Bennigsen, 9 times to Wimbush, and 6 to Quelquejay, his collaborators in the publications in question.Google Scholar

31. Kritika fal'si fikatorov natsional'nykh otnoshenii SSSR (Moscow, izd. politicheskoi literary, 1984).Google Scholar

32. Chertina, Z.S., “Noveishaia burzhuaznaia istoriografiia o razvitii natsii i narodnostei SSSR na sovremennom etape (po material am Srednei Azii”, Istoriia SSSR 4 (1985), p. 199 (citing Bennigsen and Broxup).Google Scholar

33. Rakhimov, Samin, “Osushchestvlenie natsional'noi politiki v Uzbekistane i ee fal'sifikatsiia v sovremennom antikommunizme, Aftoreferat (Tashkent, 1979), p. 16, refering to Islam in the Soviet Union, pp. 180-96.Google Scholar

34. , Abdullaev, loc. cit. Google Scholar

35. Redzhepova, O.S., “Nationalizm — orudie ideologicheskoi diversii imperializma,” Izvestiia Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR. Seriia obshchestvennykh nauk, No. 4, 1981, attacking A.A. Bennigsen and S.E. Wimbush. Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union. A Revolutionary Strategy for the Colonial World (Chicago-London: 1979).Google Scholar

36. Kocharli, F.K. and Kurbvanov, R.O., “O reaktsionnoi sushchnosti kontseptsii ‘musul’ manskogo natsional 'nogo kommunizma”, Voprosy filosofii 12 (1982).Google Scholar

Kaiumov, Laziz, “Otvet po sushchestvu,” Literaturnaia gazeta, 5.18.83.Google Scholar

, Abdullaev, loc. cit. quotes in his support “the known anti-communist E. Allworth” whose views on the subject are said to be contrary to Bennigsen's.Google Scholar

37. Kocharli, F.K., Kurbanov, R.O., “Reply to Protagonists of 'Muslim National Communism,” Bakinskii rabochii, 24 February 1983 (only English translation available).Google Scholar

38. , Inoiatov, Istoriia SSR, loc. cit. Google Scholar

39. Konovaliuk, O.N., “Nesostoiatel‘nost’ burzhuaznykh kontseptsii russifikatsii i dezintegratsii sovetskogo gosudarstva,” Voprosy istorii 11 (1982).Google Scholar

40. Bagramov, Eduard, “Natsional'nye otnosheniia v obshchestve zrelogo sotsializma (protiv burzhaznykh fal'sifikatsii),” Obshchestvennye nauke (1982), pp. 130-31.Google Scholar

41. Argumenty 1983 (Moscow: izd. Politicheskoi literatury, 1983), pp. 63, 99, 142 (contributions by A. Akhmedov and M. Abramov).Google Scholar

42. Nekrasov, A.M., “Nekotorye voprosy politicheskikh vzaimootnoshenii na vostochnykh i iuzhnykh rubezhakh Rossii XVI veka v zarubezhnoi istoriografii,” Istoriia SSSR 1 (1983).Google Scholar

43. Nekrasov refers to a large number of Bennigsen's and Quelquejay's publications (all in French) published in Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique in the following issues: 1964, vol. V (1), 1967; vol. VII (2), 1967; vol. VII (3) 1971; vol. XII (4) 1972; vol. XIII (3 and 4), 1972; also to “Le Khanat de Crimée dans les Archives, du Musée du Palais de Topkapi” (Paris, 1978), and Quelquejay's “Les Khanats de Kazan et de Crimée face à la Moscovie en 1951” (publ. not indicated by Nekrasov).Google Scholar

44. For a leading attack on the “lesser evil” theory, see: Nechkina, M., “K voprosu o formule ’Naimen'shee zlo‘. Pis'mo v redaktsiiu,” Voprosy istorii 4 (1951).Google Scholar

45. “V nauchnom sovete po natsional'nym problemam,” Istoriia SSSR, June-July 1982, p. 208.Google Scholar