1 Examples of tribalist/assimilationist literature include: Blau, Peter M. and Duncan, Otis Dudley, The American Occupational Structure (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1967), p. 429; Deutsch, Karl W., “Social Mobilization and Political Development,” in Political Modernization ed. Claude E. Welsh, Jr. (Belmont, Calif.: Duxbury Press, 1971), pp. 167-168; Clifford Geertz, ed., Old Societies and New States (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1965); William Fielding Ogburn, “Social Change and Race Relations,” in Race Relations ed. Jitsuichi Masuoka and Preston Valien (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1961), pp. 204-206; Robert Ezra Park, Race and Culture (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1950), pp. 204-208; Edward B. Reuter, “Race and Culture,” in An Outline of the Principles of Sociology, ed. Robert E. Park (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1939), pp. 209-210; Boyd C. Shafer, Nationalism and Internationalism: Belonging in Human Experience (Malabor, Fla.: Robert E. Krieger Publ. Co., 1982), pp. 130-132; and Brian K. Taylor, “Culture: Whence, Whither and Why?” in The Future of Cultural Minorities ed. Antony E. Alcock, Brian K. Taylor, and John M. Welton (London: Macmillan, 1979).Google Scholar

2 Examples of pluralist literature include: Connor, Walker, “Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying?” World Politics, 24, no. 3 (April 1972); Walker Connor, “The Politics of Ethnonationalism,” Journal of International Affairs, 27, no. 1 (1973); Milton M. daSilva, “Modernization and Ethnic Conflict: The Case of the Basques,” Comparative Politics, 7, no. 2 (January 1975): p. 228; Hans Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism (Toronto: Collier Books, 1969); Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1972); Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone, “The Dialectics of Nationalism in the USSR,” Problems of Communism, 23, no. 3 (May-June 1974): 1-2, 9-15; Jeffrey A. Ross, “The State, Public Policy and Polarization: The Dialectic of Ethnic Mobilization and Ethnonationalism” (Paper presented at the Meeting of the American Political Science Association, New York, September 3-6, 1981); Richard A. Schermerhorn, Comparative Ethnic Relations (New York: Random House, 1970), pp. xii, 57-58, and passim; William L. Yancey, Eugene P. Ericksen, and Richard N. Juliani, “Emergent Ethnicity: A Review and Reformulation”, in Understanding Minority-Dominant Relations, ed. F. James Davis (Arlington, Ill.: AHM Publ. Corp., 1979); Crawford Young, The Politics of Cultural Pluralism (Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976); Crawford Young, “The Temple of Ethnicity,” World Politics, 35, no. 4 (July 1983); and Nathan Glazer and Daniel P. Moynihan, eds., Ethnicity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975).Google Scholar

3 See Geertz, , Old Societies.Google Scholar

4 See Davis, Horace B., “Nations, Colonies and Social Classes: The Position of Marx and Engels,” Science and Society, 24, no. 1 (Winter 1965); and Petrus, Joseph A., “Marx and Engels on the National Question,” Journal of Politics, 33, no. 3 (August 1971).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5 Young, , Politics of Cultural Pluralism, p. 34.Google Scholar

6 Hah, Chong-Do and Martin, Jeffrey, “Toward a Synthesis of Conflict and Integration Theories of Nationalism,” World Politics, 27, no. 3 (April 1975): 385.Google Scholar

7 Enloe, Cynthia H., Ethnic Conflict and Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1973). See also Gary Bertsch, K., “The Revival of Nationalisms,” Problems of Communism, 22, no. 6 (November-December 1973): esp. 7-8.Google Scholar

8 Isaacs, Harold R., “Nationality: ‘End of the Road'?” Foreign Affairs, 53, no. 3 (April 1975): 447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Murvar, Vatro, Submerged Nations: An Invitation to Theory (Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Department of Sociology, 1982), passim.Google Scholar

10 Stalin, Joseph, Marxism and the National-Colonial Question (San Francisco: Proletarian Publishers, 1975), p. 22.Google Scholar

11 Meissner, Boris, “Nationalitätenfrage und Sowjetideologie” Europäische Rundschau, 7, no. 4 (Fall 1979): 81.Google Scholar

12 Statistički kalendar Jugoslavije 1982, vol. 28 (Belgrade: Savezni zavod za statistiku, February 1982), p. 37; and Slobodan Stankovic, “Danger of Pan-Islamism in Yugoslavia?” Radio Free Europe Research, Rad Br/172 (26 August 1982), p. 3. There have been a number of excellent English-language studies written recently about Yugoslavia's Muslim population. These include: Steven L. Burg, The Political Integration of Yugoslavia's Muslims: Determinants of Success and Failure, Carl Beck Papers on Russian and East European Studies, no. 203 (Pittsburgh, Pa.: 1983); K.F. Cviic, “Yugoslavia's Moslem problem,” The World Today, 36, no. 3 (March 1980); David A. Dyker, “The Ethnic Muslims of Bosnia — Some Basic Socio-Economic Data,” Slavonic And East European Review, 50, no. 119 (April 1972); Zachary T. Irwin, “The Islamic Revival and the Muslims of Bosnia-Hercegovina,” East European Quarterly, 17, no. 4 (January 1984); and Dennison I. Rusinow, “Yugoslavia's Muslim Nation,” Universities Field Staff International Reports, 1982, no. 8. Yugoslavia's Muslim popultion is also discussed in Zachary T. Irwin, “The Fate of Islam in the Balkans: A Comparison of Four State Policies,” and Pedro Ramet, “Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslavia”, both in Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics, ed. Pedro Ramet (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1984); and in Pedro Ramet, Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1963–1983 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), chapter 8.Google Scholar

13 Suljević, Kasim, Nacionalnost Muslimana (Rijeka: Otokar Keršovani, 1981), pp. 120–121; and Hadžijahić, Muhamed, Od tradicije do identiteta: Geneza nacionalnog pitanja bosanskih muslimana (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1974), pp. 35, 167-168.Google Scholar

14 Babić, Nikola, “Od ideje o autonomiji do socijalističke republike bosne i Hercegovine,” in Nacionalni odnosi danas ed. Petrović, Milan and Suljević, Kasim (Sarajevo: Univerzal, 1971), pp. 159–174.Google Scholar

15 Quoted in Suljević, Nacionalnost p. 123.Google Scholar

16 Quoted in Suljević, Nacionalnost p. 129.Google Scholar

17 Masleša, Veselin, “Muslimansko pitanje,” Vojno-politički pregled, no. 7 (1942); summarized in Purivatra, Atif, Nacionalni i politički razvitak muslimana (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1970), p. 117.Google Scholar

18 Irwin, , “The Islamic Revival,” pp. 443–444.Google Scholar

19 Fine, John V.A. Jr., The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation, East European Monographs, no. 10 (Boulder: East European Quarterly, 1975), p. 1.Google Scholar

20 Lodge, Olive, Peasant Life in Yugoslavia (London: Seeley, Service & Co., 1919), p. 180.Google Scholar

21 Quoted in Purivatra, Nacionalni i političhi, p. 57.Google Scholar

22 Pilar, Ivo, Die Südslawische Frage und der Weltkrieg (Vienna: Manzsche K.U.K. Hof-, Verlags-, u. Universitäs - Buchhandlung, 1918), pp. 170–213, esp. pp. 170, 192, 195, 209.Google Scholar

23 In his Epitome vetustatum provinciae Bosniensis (1765), cited in Hadžijahić, Od tradicije, p. 32.Google Scholar

24 Quoted in Babić, “Od ideje o autonomiji,” p. 174.Google Scholar

25 Budak, Mile, Hrvatski narod u borbi za samostalnu i nezavisnu hrvatsku državu (1934), quoted in Jelić-Butić, Fikreta, “Bosna i Hercegovina u koncepciji stvaranja Nezavisne Države Hrvatske,” Pregled (Sarajevo), 61, no. 12 (December 1971): 665.Google Scholar

26 AKSA (December 4, 1981).Google Scholar

27 Franic, Frane, “Muslimani i katolici,” Crkva u svijetu 1967, no. 5, cited in Purivatra, Nacionalni i politički, pp. 21–22.Google Scholar

28 “Stvaranje novog narodnog identiteta,” in Republika Hrvatska (Buenos Aires), 34, no. 145 (June 1984): 60. See also “Prikrevana obrana Jugoslavije,” Republika Hrvatska, 34, no. 144 (April 1984): 60-62; and “Muslimanska narodnost ili jugoslavenska pokusni balon?” Republika Hrvatska, 34, no. 145 (June 1984).Google Scholar

29 See Muhić, Fuad, “Islamske institucije i nacionalizam,” Socijalizam, 22, no. 11 (November 1979).Google Scholar

30 Nova Hrvatska (London), 8 May 1983, p. 11.Google Scholar

31 Renan, Ernest, as quoted in Murvar, Submerged Nations, p. 27.Google Scholar

32 Izetbegović, Alija, “The Islamic Declaration” (1970), translated in South Slav Journal, 6, no. 1 (Spring 1983): 82.Google Scholar

33 Cited in Purivatra, Nacionalni i politički, p. 9.Google Scholar

34 Sugar, Peter F., Industrialization of Bosnia-Hercegovina 1878–1918 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1963), p. 14.Google Scholar

35 Čisić, Husag, Bosansko-hercegovački Muslimani i bosanska autonomija (1929; 2nd ed., 1940), quoted in Hadžijahić, Od tradicije, p. 38.Google Scholar

36 Purivatra, , Nacionalni i politički, pp. 54, 57, 118.Google Scholar

37 Čolaković, Rodoljub, Izabrani govori i čianci (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1960), quoted in Purivatra, Nacionalni i politicki, p. 122.Google Scholar

38 “Staat und Nationalität in Jugoslawien,” Wissenschaftlicher Dienst Südosteuropa, 19, no. 8 (August 1970): 113–114.Google Scholar

39 Petrović, Ruža, “Etno-biološko homogenizacija jugoslovenskog društva,” Sociologija, 1968, no. 2: 5–6.Google Scholar

40 Šetinc, Franc, Misao i djelo Edvarda Kardelja, trans. from Slovenian into Croatian by Ivan Brajdić (Zagreb: Globus, 1979), p. 101.Google Scholar

41 Šetinc, , Misao, p. 100; and Djordje Uskoković, “Pokušaj sociološkog objašnjenja nacionalnog i nacionalističkog,” Gledišta, 17, no. 5 (May 1976): 514.Google Scholar

42 Šetinc, , Misao, p. 53; Milan M. Miladinović, “Pojam i suština jugoslovenskog patriotizma danas,” Obeležja, 7, no. 6 (November-December 1977): 1153, 1165–1166; and Mihailo Mitić, “Razmatranja o smislu jugoslovenstva,” in Federalizam i nacionalno pitanje (Belgrade: Savez udruženja za političke nauke Jugoslavije, 1971), p. 230.Google Scholar

43 Enloe, Cynthia H., “Religion and Ethnicity,” in Ethnic Diversity and Conflict in Eastern Europe, ed. Peter F. Sugar (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-Cilo, 1980), p. 359.Google Scholar

44 Enloe, , “Religion and Ethnicity,” p. 364; and James A. Christenson et al., “Value Orientations of Organized Religious Groups,” Sociology and Social Research, 68, no. 2 (January 1984): 195. See also Dashefsky, Arnold, “And the Search Goes On: The Meaning of Religio-Ethnic Identity and Identification,” Sociological Analysis, 33, no. 4 (Winter 1972): 239-241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

45 Enloe, , “Religion and Ethnicity,” p. 366.Google Scholar

46 Hadžijahić, , Od tradicije, pp. 18–20.Google Scholar

47 Hadžijahić, , Od tradicije, pp. 108–109, 111.Google Scholar

48 Šehić, Nusret, “Neka pitanja agrarnih odnosa u politici muslimanskog autonomnog pokreta,” Prilozi (Sarajevo), 13 no. 13 (1977): 133–134.Google Scholar

49 Jelavich, Barbara, History of the Balkans, vol. 2, Twentieth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p. 61; and Šehić, “Neka pitanja,” pp. 137, 140.Google Scholar

50 For a more detailed examination of these developments, see Donia, Robert J., Islam under the Double Eagle: The Muslims of Bosnia and Hercegovina, 1878–1914, East European Monographs, no. 78 (Boulder: East European Monographs, 1981), pp. 101–140.Google Scholar

51 Donia, , Islam, p. 107.Google Scholar

52 Quoted in Hadžijahić, Od tradicije, p. 39.Google Scholar

53 Hadžijahić, , Od tradicije, p. 164.Google Scholar

54 Quoted in Hadžijahić, Od tradicije, p. 144.Google Scholar

55 Hadžijahić, , Od tradicije, pp. 207–209, 219.Google Scholar

56 Hadžijahić, , Od tradicije, pp. 129–130; and Burg, Political Integration, p. 4.Google Scholar

57 Juzbašić, Dževad, “Pokušaji stvaranja političkog Saveza izmedju vodjstva srpskog i muslimanskog autonomnog pokreta u Bosni i Hercegovini,” Prilozi, 14, nos. 14-15 (1978): 145, 149.Google Scholar

58 Juzbašić, , “Pokušaji,” pp. 158, 164-165.Google Scholar

59 Juzbašić, , “Pokušaji,” pp. 170–171.Google Scholar

60 Kemura, Ibrahim, “Kongres Muslimana intelektualaca u Sarajevu 1928. Godine”, Prilozi, 16, no. 17 (1980): 176–177.Google Scholar

61 Hadžijahić, , Od tradicije, p. 141.Google Scholar

62 Firdus, Osman Nuri-beg, “O nacionalnom opredjeljenju bosansko-hercegovackih Muslimana,” Nova Evropa, April 1925, quoted in Hadžijahić, Od tradicije, p. 74.Google Scholar

63 Purivatra, Atif, Jugoslavenska muslimanska organizacija (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1974), pp. 540, 554.Google Scholar

64 Purivatra, , Jugoslavenska muslimanska, p. 558; and Irwin, “The Islamic Revival,” p. 439.Google Scholar

65 Rusinow, , “Yugoslavia's Muslim Nation,” p. 3.Google Scholar

66 Čaldarević, Miaden, Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1963), quoted in Purivatra, Nacionalni i politički, p. 21.Google Scholar

67 Dragosavac, Dušan, “O nekim aspektima medjunacionalnih odnosa,” in Udruženi rad i medjunacionalni odnosi, ed. Milendo Marković and Dušan Janjić (Belgrade: Komunist, 1978), p. 125.Google Scholar

68 Irwin, , “The Islamic Revival,” p. 445.Google Scholar

69 Borba, 26, April 1970, p. 5.Google Scholar

70 For a more detailed discussion of this issue, see Ramet, Nationalism and Federalism, Chapter 8.Google Scholar

71 For criticism of the Muslims’ stand on the Arab-Israeli war of 1973 see Oslobodjenje, (5 December 1973), p. 6; 6 (December 1973), p. 4; and (7 December 1973), p. 6. See also New York Times, (April 1974), p. 2.Google Scholar

72 Oslobodjenje, 29 October 1982, p. 3, translated in Joint Publications Research Service No. 82626, East Europe Report, 12 January 1983, p. 91.Google Scholar

73 Ramet, Pedro, “The Interplay of Religious Policy and Nationalities Policy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,” in Religion and Nationalism, ed. Ramet, p.3. See also Raimundo Panikkar, “Religion or Politics: The Western Dimenna,” in Religion and Politics in the Modern World, ed. Peter H. Merkl and Ninian Smart (New York: New York University Press, 1983), esp. pp. 45–46, 50; and Murvar, Vatro, “Max Weber's Concept of Hierocracy: A Study in the Typology of Church-State Relationships,” Sociological Analysis, 28, no. 2 (Summer 1967): 69-70, 78-80.Google Scholar

74 Tanjug, (14 April 1983), translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Eastern Europe, 15 April 1983.Google Scholar

75 Izetbegović, , “Islamic Delcaration,” p. 67 (emphasis in original).Google Scholar

76 Izetbegović, , “Islamic Declaration,” pp. 58, 61.Google Scholar

77 See Mujačić, Mahmut, “Medjunacionalni odnosi u jednom gradu: Primjer Dervente,” Gledišta, 12, nos. 7-8 (July-August 1971): 1081–1092, for a study of ethnocentrism in voting behavior.Google Scholar

78 Enloe, , “Religion and Ethnicity,” p. 366.Google Scholar