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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 November 2018
The First World War represents a watershed in European women's history. The process of female integration into the industrial economy was both speeded up and given official endorsement as the massive mobilization of soldiers created great manpower shortages. The war seemed to accelerate and legitimate the process of female political integration as well, as most postwar European governments met the basic aims of the women's suffrage movement. Despite these advances, the First World War and the interwar years comprised an era which was fraught with conflicts over women's roles, rights, and responsibilities.
1. There is a great deal of fascinating literature on the gendered nature of many anti-Semitic stereotypes and images, see especially the work of Sander Oilman. In considering Munich and Budapest in 1919–1921, anti-Semitism is clearly the main theme of counter-revolutionary politics and ideology. This paper will turn the tables a little and examine not the use of gender stereotypes in anti-Semitic polemics, but the use of the ever-present interwar anti-Semitic stereotypes as they were applied to the women who had participated in the revolutions.Google Scholar
2. Staatsarchiv München (Hereafter StaM), Akten der Polizeidirektion München, “Kätzler, Gabriele” 10.087, Letter from Stadtkommandantur, Fahndungs-Abteilung, p. 75.Google Scholar
3. On 16 June 1919, the family lawyer, Philipp Theilhaber, wrote the Polizeidirektion inquiring as to the whereabouts of his clients, who were still in custody, but were not listed on any of the inmates' lists. StaM Pol. Dir. 10.087, p. 82.Google Scholar
4. “Die Sekretärin des Stadtkommandanten,” Münchner Neuste Nachrichten, 1 August 1919, p. 303, clipping in police file (StaM, Pol. Dir. 10.087).Google Scholar
5. StaM, Akten der Staatsanwaltschaft, Fasz. 153, 2106/1–“Leviné” (Ebert), p. 230.Google Scholar
6. Cecile Tormay, An Outlaw's Diary: Revolution (Volume 1), with forward by the Duke of Northumberland (London: Philip Allan & Co., 1923).Google Scholar
7. For a description of the founding of the Association, see Tormay, Outlaw's Diary, p. 229.Google Scholar
8. Ibid., p. 173.Google Scholar
9. Ibid., pp. 236–237.Google Scholar
10. The plot of the wildly popular Hungarian 1919 best-selling novel, Az elsodort falu, by Dezsö Szabo, focuses similarly on the “infection” of a young nobleman in cosmopolitan Budapest and his eventual “rescue” through the return to the village of his birth and his marriage to a peasant girl.Google Scholar
11. “Revolutionsdamen vor dem Standgericht,” Münchner Augsburger Abendblatt, 31 July 1919, p. 131, clipping in police file (StaM, Pol. Dir. 10.087).Google Scholar
12. All quotes here, Tormay, Outlaw's Diary, p. 281.Google Scholar
13. Politikatörténeti Intézet Levéltar (Archive of the Institute for Political History), Budapest (PTL), Személyi gyütemények, visszaemlékések (personal collections and memoirs), 822. f. “Berzeviczy Gizella.”Google Scholar
14. PTL “Berzeviczy,” pp. 1–2, the defense speech of her lawyer, Dr Béla Gonda, is also published in Hubert-Müller, Perbeszedek gyüjteménye (collected trial speeches), p. 373.Google Scholar
15. Ibid. Google Scholar
16. Münchner Augsburger Abendblatt, 31 July 1919, p. 131, clipping in police file (StaM, Pol. Dir. 10.087).Google Scholar
17. Ibid. Google Scholar
18. StaM, Pol. Dir. 10.087, police typed copies of confiscated correspondence seized in the Kätzler home at the time of their arrest–undated and unnumbered letters.Google Scholar
19. “Revolutionäre Frauen,” Bayerischer Kurier, 1 August 1919, p. 63, clipping in police file (StaM, Pol. Dir. 10.087).Google Scholar
20. “Die Sekretärin des Stadtkommandanten,” Münchner Neuste Nachrichten, 1 August 1919, p. 303, clipping in police file (StaM, Pol. Dir. 10.087).Google Scholar
21. Ibid. Google Scholar
22. Tormay, Outlaw's Diary, p. 236.Google Scholar
23. Oscar Szollosy, “The Criminals of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat,” in Tormay, Outlaw's Diary, Vol. 2, Appendix 226; originally published in The Anglo—Hungarian Review. Google Scholar
24. This mix of cue-words, calling up a variety of already present stereotypes and prejudices, allows Szollosy to create the following illogical character: “One of Korvin's hangmen, a Russian Jew, with a limp and curly hair, named Gerson Itzkovitch, laughingly vaunted that he was in the habit of gouging out a bourgeois' eye with a single turn of his Cossack knife …” (Tormay, Outlaw's Diary, p. 226).Google Scholar
25. Zeitschrift für Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 9 January 1920, clipping in police file (StaM Pol. Dir. 10040, Egelhofer), p. 144.Google Scholar
26. Letter from Amtsgericht München, Jugendgericht, 24 July 1920 (StaM Pol. Dir. 10147 Schollenbruch).Google Scholar
27. Tormay, Outlaw's Diary, Vol. 2, pp. 226–227.Google Scholar
