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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 November 2018
Western Ukraine comprises those areas of Ukraine annexed by the Soviet Union after September 1939. They are (1) Galicia, made up of the Soviet oblasts of Lviv, Stanislav (now Ivano-Frankivsk), Drohobych (now part of Lviv oblast) and Ternopil; (2) Volynia, made up of Rivne and Volyn oblasts; (3) Bukovyna (Chernivtsi oblast); and (4) Transcarpathia (Zakarpatska oblast). In the interwar period, the Galician and Volynian territories were governed by Poland, Chernivtsi was part of Romania and Transcarpathia was ruled by Czechoslovakia. Whereas the former areas were all annexed by the USSR after the invasion of Eastern Poland in 1939, Transcarpathia became part of the Soviet Union only in June 1945.
1 On Western Ukraine in the interwar period, see Kubijovyč, V., Western Ukraine within Poland, 1920-1939 (Chicago, 1963); Horak, S., Poland and Her National Minorities (New York, 1961); and B. M. Babyi, Vozziednannia zakhidnoi Ukrainy z Ukrainskoiu RSR (Kiev, 1954). The best works covering the area for the postwar years up to 1953 are Y. Bilinsky, The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine After World War II (New Brunswick, N. J., 1964); J. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 2nd. ed. (Littleton, Col., 1980); and R. S. Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, 1917-1957 (New York, 1962).Google Scholar
2 Biggart, J., “The Collectivisation of Agriculture in Soviet Lithuania,” East European Quarterly, 9 (1975): 53–75; E. Jacobs, “The Collectivization of Agriculture in Right-Bank Moldavia,” Ph.D. dissertation, London School of Economics, 1979; J. Labsvirs, “A Case Study in the Sovietization of Baltic States: Collectivization of Latvian Agriculture, 1944-1956.” Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1959; R. Taagepera, “Soviet Collectivization of Estonian Agriculture: The Deportation Phase,” Soviet Studies, 1 (1980): 379-97. To date nothing has appeared in the West about the process in Western Belorussia.Google Scholar
3 See Marples, D. R., “The Soviet Annexation of West Ukraine and the Collectivization of Agriculture, 1939-1941,” , University of Alberta, 1980, p. 130.Google Scholar
4 At the end of 1947, only about 7.5% of West-Ukrainian households were reported as collectivized. See Sotsialistychna perebudova i rozvytok silskoho hospodarstva Ukrainskoi RSR, vol. 2 (Kiev, 1968), p. 256. [Referred to hereafter as Sots. pereb.]Google Scholar
5 On the effects of the 1946 famine in Ukraine, see Sas, I. K., “Vysvitlennia sotsialistychnoho budivnytstva v zakhidnykh oblastiakh Ukrainskoi RSR,” Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal, 4 (1960): 105. [Referred to hereafter as Uk. ist. zh.]Google Scholar
6 Three decrees, published on 27 September, 19 October and 24 November 1944 all focused on the weaknesses and “mistakes” made in the West-Ukrainian party organizations. By February 1945, about 20,000 party members had reportedly been sent into Western Ukraine (mainly from Eastern Ukraine). See Denysenko, P. I., “Vidbudova ekonomiky i kultury v zakhidnykh oblastiakh Ukrainskoi RSR (1944-1945 rr.),” Uk. ist. zh., 5 (1964): 94.Google Scholar
7 Wädekin, K.-E., Agrarian Policies in Communist Europe (The Hague, 1982), pp. 27–28; Jacobs, op. cit., pp. 422-25.Google Scholar
8 Radianska Ukraina, 25 September 1948.Google Scholar
9 The best work on Transcarpathia and its historical development in English is Magocsi, P. R., The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus', 1848-1948 (Cambridge, Mass., 1978).Google Scholar
10 See Armstrong, , Ukrainian Nationalism, pp. 294-95.Google Scholar
11 Leninizm torzhestvuie (Lviv, 1957), p. 193.Google Scholar
12 See Armstrong, , op. cit., 300.Google Scholar
13 Pravda Ukrainy, 15 January 1949.Google Scholar
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16 Stoliarenko, V. P., Sotsialistychne peretvorennia silskoho hospodarstva na Volyni (1944–1958) (Kiev, 1958), p. 56.Google Scholar
17 In Volyn oblast, for example, which may be taken as representative of Western Ukraine, a Soviet source admits that in 691 out of 1,074 kolkhozy established by 1949, “the organization of work was on a low technical level,” and the accountants in particular lacked the necessary preparation. See Zistorii kolektyvizatsii silskoho hospodarstva zakhidnykh oblastei Ukrainskoi RSR (1939–1950) (Kiev, 1976), p. 416 [Referred to hereafter as Zist.]; and Stoliarenko (1958), p. 68.Google Scholar
18 Stoliarenko, (1958), pp. 57–58.Google Scholar
19 Information of Lviv oblast executive committee to the UkSSR Council of Ministers, 30 December 1948, “Pro provedennia oblasnoi narady holiv kolhospiv, peredovykiv-kolhospnykiv i selian-odnoosobnykiv,” cited in Z ist., p. 377.Google Scholar
20 Bohodyst, , op. cit., p. 76.Google Scholar
21 Arkhiv misii UPA pry UHVR (1945-1950) (Munich), folio 6, no. 1, pp. 8–10. Consulted with the kind permission of Professor P. J. Potichnyj, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.Google Scholar
22 Ukrainian Bulletin (New York), 15 September 1948.Google Scholar
23 Radianska Drohobychchyna (Drohobych, 1957), p. 129.Google Scholar
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25 Ibid., 24 November 1948.Google Scholar
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27 Radianska Ukraina, 24 November 1948.Google Scholar
28 See, for example, Istoriia selianstva Ukrainskoi RSR (Kiev, 1967), vol. 2, p. 391; and M. K. Ivasiuta, Narysy istorii kolhospnoho budivnytstva v zakhidnykh oblastiakh Ukrainskoi RSR (Kiev, 1962), p. 102.Google Scholar
29 Ivasiuta, , op. cit., p. 47.Google Scholar
30 Butsko, M. O., KPRS: orhanizator vsenarodnoi dopomohy trudiashchym zakhidnykh oblastei URSR v vidbudovi i dalshomu rozvytku narodnoho hospodarstva (1944-1950 rr.) (Kiev, 1959), p. 93.Google Scholar
31 Radianska Ukraina, 25 November 1948.Google Scholar
32 Ukrainian Bulletin, 15 December 1948.Google Scholar
33 Radianska Ukraina, 27 July 1948.Google Scholar
34 Ibid., 14 July 1948.Google Scholar
35 Ibid., 22 December 1948.Google Scholar
36 Pravda Ukrainy, 30 January 1946.Google Scholar
37 Report of the agricultural section of Lviv oblast committee CPU, 2 December 1949, “Pro khid kolektyvizatsii v oblasti,” cited in Z ist., p. 396.Google Scholar
38 Stoliarenko, V. P., “Borotba komunistychnoi partyi za sotsialistychne peretvorennia ta dalshyi rozvytok silskoho hospodarstva zakhidnykh oblastei URSR.” In Z istorii zakhidnoukrainskykh zemel (1960), p. 63.Google Scholar
39 Resolution of the XVI Congress of the CPU on the report of the CC CPU, 28 January 1949, “Pro zavdannia v orhanizatsiino-hospodarskomu zmitsnenni kolhospiv zakhidnykh oblastei URSR,” cited in Z ist., p. 73.Google Scholar
40 On the kulak question, see Marples, D. R., “The Kulak in Postwar USSR: the West Ukrainian Example,” Soviet Studies, xxxvi (4) (October 1984: 560-70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41 Arkhiv misii UPA, folio 6, no. 5, p. 1.Google Scholar
42 Ibid. Google Scholar
43 See, for example, Davies, R. W., The Soviet Collective Farm [The Industrialization of Soviet Russia 2] (London, 1980), pp. 101-02.Google Scholar
44 Information of Transcarpathia oblast committee CPU to the CC CPSU, 8 December 1948, “Pro khid kolektyvizatsii v oblasti v 1948 r.,” cited in Z ist., p. 370.Google Scholar
45 Narysy istorii Zakarpatskoi oblasnoi partiinoi orhanizatsii (Uzhhorod, 1980), pp. 162-63.Google Scholar
46 On the insurgents, see Bilinsky, Y., The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine After World War II (New Brunswick, N. J., 1964), pp. 111-40.Google Scholar
47 Radianska Ukraina, 25 September 1948.Google Scholar
48 Bohodyst, , op. cit., pp. 77–78.Google Scholar
49 Arkhiv misii UPA, folio 6, no. 1, pp. 8–10.Google Scholar
50 Radianska Ukraina, 6 March 1948.Google Scholar
51 Pravda Ukrainy, 15 January 1949.Google Scholar
52 Holubnychy, V., “Outline History of the Communist Party of Ukraine.” In Soviet Regional Economics: Selected Works of Vsevolod Holubnychy (ed. Koropeckyj, I. S.) (Edmonton, 1982), p. 120.Google Scholar
53 Arkhiv misii UPA, folio 6, no. 1, pp. 1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54 Slon had evidently been reinstated by 29 November 1950; witness the report given under his name at the Stanislav committee plenum on this date, cited in Z ist., pp. 450-51.Google Scholar
55 See Sullivant, , Soviet Politics in the Ukraine, p. 273.Google Scholar
56 Ibid., p. 275.Google Scholar
57 See, for example, McCauley, M., The Soviet Union Since 1917 (London, 1981), pp. 135-36.Google Scholar
58 On the formation of the MTS in Western Ukraine (the decree has never been published), see Ivasiuta, op. cit., p. 132.Google Scholar
59 Note of the deputy chief of the West-Ukrainian section of the Ukrainian Ministry of Agriculture, Chereshniuk, P., 17 September 1948, “Pro velyki peretvorennia v zakhidno-ukrainskomu seli,” cited in Z ist., p. 347.Google Scholar
60 Sots. pereb., vol 2, p. 259.Google Scholar
61 Korbonski, A., Politics of Socialist Agriculture in Poland: 1945-1960 (New York, 1965), p. 135. For a reference to the Cominform, see Jacobs, op. cit., pp. 422-25.Google Scholar
62 A report of an UPA scouting mission in Horodok raion (Lviv oblast) points out that in February 1948, the raion authorities demanded that “not less than 50% of peasant households had to be collectivized by the spring of 1948,” and the rest by the end of the year. It is probable that this was the Soviet policy for the entire Western Ukraine. See Arkhiv misii UPA, folio 7, no. 8, p. 6.Google Scholar
63 Vyltsan, M. A., Danilov, M. P., Kabanov, V. V. and Moshkov, Iu. A., Kollektivizatsiia selskogo khoziaistva v SSSR: puti, formy, dostizheniia (Moscow, 1982), p. 327.Google Scholar
64 Beliazo, E. P., “Sotsialisticheskoe pereustroistvo selskogo khoziaistva zapadnykh oblastei BSSR.” In Tridstat let po sotsialisticheskomu puti: Tezisy dokladov i soobshchenii vsesoiuznoi nauchnoi konferentsii, posviashchennoi problemam kollektivizatsii selskogo khoziaistva Pribaltiki, zapadnykh oblastei Ukrainy, Belorussii i Moldavii, vol. 1 (Vilnius, 1979), pp. 77–78.Google Scholar
65 Ibid., p. 79.Google Scholar
66 Taagepera, , op. cit., p. 387.Google Scholar
67 See, for example, Cherednychenko, V., Natsionalizm proty natsii (Kiev, 1970), pp. 157-67, a virulent anti-UPA tract.Google Scholar
68 Sots. pereb., vol. 2, p. 259.Google Scholar
69 Jacobs, , op. cit., p. 509.Google Scholar
70 See, for example, Korbonski, , op. cit., pp. 159-91, and especially pp. 189-90.Google Scholar
71 Jacobs, , op. cit., p. 509.Google Scholar
72 In Drohobych oblast, for example, the MTS political sections, upon formation, at once began a purge of “kulak elements” in kolkhozy. See Radianska Drohobychchyna, p. 128.Google Scholar
73 See, for example, Ivasiuta, , op. cit., p. 145.Google Scholar
