¹ A notable example of the historical approach is the chapter on discipline by Goguel, M. in The Primitive Church (New York: Macmillan, 1964) 224–46.Google Scholar An example of a theological approach is the essay by Lampe, G. W. H., ‘Church Discipline and the Interpretation of the Epistles to the Corinthians’, Christian History and Interpretation: Studies Presented to John Knox (ed. Farmer, W. R., Moule, C. F. D., Niebuhr, R. R.; Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1967) 337–61.Google Scholar For bibliography on earlier studies, see Forkman, G., The Limits of the Religious Community: Expulsion from the Religious Community within the Qumran Sect, within Rabbinic Judaism, and within Primitive Christianity (Lund, Sweden: CWK Gleerup, 1972) 10–11.Google Scholar

² See Theissen's, G. studies in The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth (ed. and trans. Schütz, J.; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1982) esp. 182–6Google Scholar; Meeks, W., The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul (New Haven: Yale University, 1983) 111–39Google Scholar, esp. 127–31; also Malina, B. J., Christian Origins and Cultural Anthropology: Practical Models for Biblical Interpretation (Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1986) esp. 112–38Google Scholar. Forkman, Limits, is the most comprehensive study since 1970. His main emphasis is on expulsion from the community.

³ Berger, P. L. and Luckmann, T., The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1967) 55. See further, 47–92.Google Scholar

⁴ The Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon, 1933) 3. 416.Google Scholar

⁵ Himmelweit, H., ‘Deviant Behaviour’, A Dictionary of the Social Sciences (ed. Gould, J. and Kolb, W. L.; New York: The Free Press, 1964) 196–7Google Scholar; Burridge, K., New Heaven, New Earth: A Study of Millenarian Activities (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1969)Google Scholar; Berger, P., The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociology of Religion (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1987).Google Scholar

⁶ In addition to 1 Cor 5, see 2 Cor 2. 5–11; 12. 19–13. 10. I accept the widely held view of modern scholarship which does not identify the deviant of 2 Cor 2. 5–11 with the incestuous man of 1 Cor 5. See Furnish, V., II Corinthians (Anchor Bible 32A; Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1984) 159–66.Google Scholar

⁷ My translation. Biblical quotations are from the RSV unless otherwise indicated.

⁸ Cf. Hurd, J. C. Jr, The Origin of I Corinthians (New York: Seabury Press, 1965) 51, n. 2.Google Scholar

⁹ See Sagarin, E., ‘Positive Deviance: An Oxymoron’, Deviant Behavior 6 (1985) 169–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Black, D., Toward a General Theory of Social Control: Vol. 1, Fundamentals (Orlando: Academic Press [Harcourt Brace Jovanovich] 1984) 5, n. 7.Google Scholar The main debate in defining the term concerns whether norms or reactive behaviour is the crucial element.

¹⁰ Himmelweit, , ‘Deviant Behaviour’, 196.Google Scholar

¹¹ Barrett, says, ‘In the New Testament however [πορυεία] is regularly used for unchastity and sexual irregularity of almost any kind.’ A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1968) 121.Google Scholar

¹² See Lietzmann, H., An die Korinther I-II (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1949) 23.Google Scholar Also Conzelmann, , I Corinthians: A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians (Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1975) 96.Google Scholar

¹³ E.g., Lev 18. 8, where the term is distinguished from one's mother (18. 7). See further, Talbert, C. H., Reading Corinthians (New York: Crossroad, 1987) 12.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Conzelmann, , I Corinthians, 96.Google ScholarForkman, , Limits, 141, explains the man's behaviour as ‘an established sexual relationship with his stepmother’.Google Scholar See also Hering, J., The First Epistle of Saint Paul to the Corinthians (London: The Epworth Press, 1962) 34 n. 1.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Origin, 278.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Cf. Zaas, P. S., ‘“Cast Out the Evil Man from Your Midst” (1 Cor 5:13b)’, JBL 103 (1984) 259.Google Scholar

¹⁷ My translation.

¹⁸ See Newton, M., The Concept of Purity at Qumran and in the Letters of Paul (SNTSM 53; Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1985) esp. 86–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁹ I Corinthians 101, n. 72. See further, the Excursus on ‘The Catalogues of Virtues and Vices’, 100–1.Google Scholar

²⁰ See further, Conzelmann, , I Corinthians, 107Google Scholar; Barrett, , First Epistle, 141Google Scholar; Forkman, , Limits, 172, on 2 Cor 12. 20–13. 2.Google Scholar

²¹ Himmelweit, , ‘Deviant Behaviour’, 197.Google Scholar See further, Lewis, Coser, The Functions of Social Conflict (New York: The Free Press, 1956) esp. 95–104.Google Scholar

²² ‘Social Stratification in the Corinthian Community: A Contribution to the Sociology of Early Hellenistic Christianity’, Social Setting, 69–119.Google Scholar

²³ Urban Christians, 128.Google Scholar

²⁴ See Barrett, , First Epistle, 21, 124–5.Google Scholar Cf. Roetzel, C. J., Judgement in the Community: A Study of the Relationship between Eschatology and Ecclesiology in Paul (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972) 118.Google Scholar

²⁵ See 2 Cor 4. 8–9; 6. 4–5; 11. 23–29; 12.10; also 1 Cor 15. 32; and 2 Cor 1. 3–11. See also Furnish, , II Corinthians 122–4Google Scholar; Georgi, D., Paul's Opponents in Corinth (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986; reprinted Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1987) 16.Google Scholar

²⁶ Reading Corinthians, 19.Google Scholar

²⁷ Gibbs, J. P., Norms, Deviance, and Social Control: Conceptual Matters (New York: Elsevier, 1981) 7.Google Scholar

²⁸ Kolb, William L., ‘Norm’, A Dictionary of the Social Sciences, ed. Gould, J. and Kolb, W. L. (New York: The Free Press, 1964) 472.Google Scholar On norms in the Pauline corpus see Theissen, G., Social Setting, 182–6Google Scholar; Meeks, W., Urban Christians, 138–9Google Scholar; Malina, B. J., Christian Origins, 112–38.Google Scholar

²⁹ Social Setting, 183. Cf. Matt 18. 15–17, which is an early form with some legal characteristics.Google Scholar

³⁰ See Käsemann, E., New Testament Questions of Today (London: SCM, 1969) 70–3.Google Scholar

³¹ My translation.

³² On Jewish and Roman law governing marriage of in-laws, see Héring, J., First Epistle, 34Google Scholar; Conzelmann, , I Corinthians, 96.Google Scholar On sexual norms in the whole culture, see Meeks, , Urban Christians, 101Google Scholar; Talbert, C., Reading Corinthians, 12–14Google Scholar; and Collins, A. Y., ‘The Function of “Excommunication” in Paul’, HTR 73 (1980) 251–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³³ ‘Function of “Excommunication”’, 253.Google Scholar

³⁴ Sanders, E. P., Paul, the Law and the Jewish People (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983) 105Google Scholar, explains the tension in Paul's position on the law by saying, ‘Paul's statement “not by works of law” has to do with entry into the body of Christ. It is not at all inconsistent that he expects correct behaviour on the part of those who are in Christ, nor that he thinks that transgressions on the part of Christians will be punished.

³⁵ See Urban Christians, 97–103.Google Scholar

³⁶ Räisänen, H., Paul and the Law (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983) 117, n. 112.Google Scholar

³⁷ See Jewett, R., The Thessalonian Correspondence: Pauline Rhetoric and Millenarian Piety (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986) 161–78.Google Scholar See also Gager's, J. earlier use of Burridge's model, Kingdom and Community: The Social World of Early Christianity (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1975) 20–37.Google Scholar

³⁸ New Heaven, 97.Google Scholar

³⁹ New Heaven, 166. See also Gager's use of the formula, Kingdom and Community, 35–7.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ New Heaven, 13, 99. See further Jewett, R., Thessalonian Correspondence, 172–3.Google Scholar

⁴¹ See also 1 Cor 10. 23.

⁴² Bauer, W., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (2nd ed.; Chicago: University Press, 1979) 444.Google Scholar

⁴³ Barrett, , First Epistle, 2–3Google Scholar; Conzelmann, , I Corinthians, 11–12.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Cf. Wilson, B. R., ed. Patterns of Sectarianism: Organisation and Ideology in Social and Religious Movements (London: Heineman, 1967) 8.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ See Lockwood, D., ‘Sanction’, A Dictionary of the Social Sciences (ed. Gould, J. and Kolb, W. L.; New York: The Free Press, 1964) 616.Google Scholar See further Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., ‘Sanction, Social’, Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: Macmillan, 1934) 13. 531–4.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Cf. Radcliffe-Brown, , ‘Sanction’, 533.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ I Corinthians, 97.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Cf. Funk, R. W., ‘The Apostolic “Parousia”: Form and Significance’, Farmer, Moule and Niebuhr, Christian History and Interpretation, 264Google Scholar; also Meeks, , Urban Christians, 127.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ See Conzelmann, , I Corinthians, 96–7Google Scholar, and Forkman, , Limits, 141–3Google Scholar, on various construals. A. Y. Collins argues for taking έν τ òνóματι τοῦ κυρίου 'lησου with τòν οτως τον̑το κατεργασάμενον. ‘The Function of “Excommunication” in Paul’, HTR 73 (1980) 253.Google Scholar Our study of deviance supports this understanding.

⁵⁰ See von Campenhausen, H., Ecclesiastical Authority and Spiritual Power in the Church of the First Three Centuries (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1969) 133–5, esp. 134, n. 50.Google Scholar

⁵¹ So Forkman, , Limits, 146.Google Scholar

⁵² Limits, 144, 146–7Google Scholar; similarly, Conzelmann, , I Corinthians, 97.Google Scholar See further, Roetzel, , Judgement, 116–17.Google Scholar

⁵³ Limits, 150.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Limits, 150–1.Google Scholar See further, Marshall, P., Enmity at Corinth (WUNT 2/23; Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck] 1987) esp. 341–95.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Deut 17.7;19.19;21.21;22.21,24;24.7.

⁵⁶ ‘Sanction’, 532–3.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ See Furnish, , II Corinthians, 163–8.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ ‘Church Discipline’, 354.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ See Conzelmann, , I Corinthians, 97.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Sacred Canopy, 31.Google Scholar

⁶¹ On Paul's use of rhetoric, see Marshall, P., Enmity at Corinth, esp. 341–95.Google Scholar See also Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schüssler, ‘Rhetorical Situation and Historical Reconstruction in 1 Corinthians’, NTS 33 (1987) 386–403, as well as Jewett, Thessalonian Correspondence.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁶² See Weber, M., The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Oxford: University Press, 1947) 129; see also 154.Google Scholar

⁶³ See Furnish, , II Corinthians, 161.Google Scholar