Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-c9gpj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-12T00:05:22.009Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Low Birth Weight Infant and Parenteral Nutrition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

Jane B. Morgan
Affiliation:
School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, SurreyGU2 5XH
Ilya Z. Kovar
Affiliation:
Department of Child Health, Charing Cross & Westminster Medical School, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1992

References

REFERENCES

Aiken, G. & Lenney, W. (1986). Calcium and phosphate content of intravenous feeding regimens for very low birthweight infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 61 495501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baeckert, P. A., Greene, H. L., Fritz, I., Oelberg, D. G. & Adcock, E. W. (1988). Vitamin concentrations in very low birthweight infants given vitamins intravenously in a lipid emulsion: measurement of vitamins A, D and E and riboflavin. Journal of Pediatrics 113, 10571065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooke, O. G. (1986). Energy needs during infancy. In Energy and Protein Needs during Infancy, pp. 317 (Fomon, S. J. and Heird, W. C. editors). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Brooke, O. G. & Lucas, A. (1985). Metabolic bone disease in preterm infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 60, 682685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, S. E., Rhodes, P. G. & Ferguson, M. G. (1986). Docosahexaenoic acid status of preterm infants at birth and following feeding with human milk or formula. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 798804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colonna, F., Candusso, M., de Vonderweid, U., Marinoni, S. & Gazzola, A. M. (1990). Calcium and phosphorus balance in very low birth weight babies on total parenteral nutrition. Clinical Nutrition 9, 8995.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coran, A. G., Drongowski, R. A. & Baker, P. J. (1985). The metabolic effects of oral L-carnitine administration in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition with fat. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 20, 758764.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Benoist, B., Abdulrazzak, Y., Brooke, O. G., Halliday, D. & Millward, D. J. (1984). Measurement of whole body protein turnover in the preterm infant with intragastric infusion of L-[1-13C] leucine and sampling of the urinary leucine pool. Clinical Science 66, 155164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobbing, J. (1974). Later development of the brain and its vulnerability. In Scientific Foundations of Pediatrics, pp. 565572 (Davis, J. A. and Dobbing, J. editors). London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Duffy, B. & Pencharz, P. B. (1986). The effect of feeding route (i.v. or oral) on the protein metabolism of the neonate. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 108111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzgerald, K. A. & MacKay, K. W. (1986). Calcium and phosphate solubility in neonatal parenteral nutrient solutions containing trophamine. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 43, 8893.Google ScholarPubMed
Friedman, Z., Danon, A., Stahlman, M. T. & Oates, J. A. (1976). Rapid onset of essential fatty acid deficiency in the newborn. Pediatrics 58, 640649.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbertson, N., Kovar, I. Z., Cox, D. J., Crowe, L. & Palmer, N. T. (1991). Introduction of intravenous lipid administration on the first day of life in the very low birth weight neonate. Journal of Pediatrics 119, 615623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greene, H. L., Courtney Moore, M. E., Phillips, B. & Franck, L. (1988). Evaluation of a pediatric multivitamin preparation for total parenteral nutrition: blood levels of vitamins A, D and E. In Perinatal Nutrition, pp. 333345 (Lindblad, B. S. editor). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Harper, J., Kovar, I. Z., Barltrop, D., Thompson, D. & Coleman, P. W. M. (1984). Zinc deficiency in a preterm neonate with necrotising enterocolitis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 77, 4041.Google Scholar
Heim, T., Putet, G., Verellen, G. J., Chessex, P., Swyer, P. R., Smith, J. M. & Filler, R. (1981). Energy cost of intravenous alimentation in the newborn infant. In Intensive Care in the Newborn, vol. III, pp. 219237 (Stern, L.Salle, B. and Hansen, Friis B. editors). New York: B. Masson Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Heller, R. M., Kirchner, S. G., O'Neil, J. A., Hough, A. J., Howard, L., Kramer, S. S. & Green, H. L. (1978). Skeletal changes of copper deficiency in infants receiving prolonged total parenteral nutrition. Journal of Pediatrics 92, 947949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helms, R. A., Whitington, P. F., Mauer, E. C., Catarau, E. M., Christensen, M. L. & Borum, P. R. (1986). Enhanced lipid utilization in infants receiving oral L-carnitine during long-term parenteral nutrition. Journal of Pediatrics 109, 984988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, A. A., Shaw, J. C. L., Barber, A. & Golden, M. H. N. (1981). Nitrogen metabolism in preterm infants fed human donor breast milk: the possible essentiality of glycine. Pediatric Research 15, 14541461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kandil, H., Darwish, O., Hammad, S., Zagloul, N., Halliday, D. & Millward, J. (1991). Nitrogen balance and protein turnover during the growth failure in newly born low-birth-weight infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 14111417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerner, J. A. (1983). Carbohydrate requirements. In Manual of Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition, pp. 7988 (Kerner, J. A. editor). New York: Wiley Medical.Google Scholar
Kovar, I. Z. & Morgan, J. B. (1990). Parenteral nutritional in the preterm infant. Clinical Nutrition 9, 5763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kovar, I. Z., Saini, J. R. & Morgan, J. B. (1989). The sick very low birthweight infant fed by parenteral nutrition: studies of nitrogen and energy. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43, 339346.Google ScholarPubMed
Lucas, A., Aynsley-Green, A. & Bloom, S. R. (1981). Gut hormones and the first meal. Clinical Science 60, 349353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntosh, N. & Mitchell, V. (1990). A clinical trial of two parenteral nutrition solutions in neonates. Archives of Disease in Childhood 65, 692699.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacMahon, P. (1984). Prescribing and formulating neonatal intravenous feeding solutions by microcomputer. Archives of Disease in Childhood 59, 548552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacMahon, P., Blair, M., Treweeke, P. & Kovar, I. Z. (1989). Association of mineral composition of neonatal intravenous feeding solutions and metabolic bone disease of prematurity. Archives of Disease in Childhood 64, 489493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacMahon, P., Mayne, P. D., Blair, M., Pope, C. & Kovar, I. Z. (1990 a). Calcium and phosphorus solubility in neonatal intravenous feeding solutions. Archives of Disease in Childhood 65, 352353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacMahon, P., Mayne, P. D., Blair, M., Pope, C. & Kovar, I. Z. (1990 b). Acid-base state of the preterm infant and the formulation of intravenous feeding solutions. Archives of Disease in Childhood 65, 354356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, K. H., Nardis, E. E. & Derr, J. A. (1987). Day-to-day energy expenditure variability in low birthweight neonates. Pediatric Research 21, 6671.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, W. J. & Mitchell, P. E. G. (1987). Total parenteral nutrition and the clinical chemistry laboratory. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 24, 327336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martinez, M. & Ballabriga, A. (1987). Effects of parenteral nutrition with high doses of linoleate on the developing human liver and brain. Lipids 22, 133138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mauer, A. M., Dweck, H. S., Finberg, L., Holmes, F., Reynolds, J. W., Suskind, R. M., Woodruff, C. W. & Hellerstein, S. (1985). Nutritional needs of low birthweight infants. Pediatrics 75, 976986.Google Scholar
Meurling, S. (1983). Water and mineral balance during total parenteral nutrition. Acta Pædiatrica Scandinavica Suppl. 305, 8487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Micheli, J. L. & Schutz, Y. (1987). Protein metabolism and postnatal growth in very low birthweight infants. In Energy Metabolism, Nutrition and Growth in Premature Infants (Biology of the Neonate 52, (Suppl. 1) pp. 2540. Basel: S. Karger.Google Scholar
Mitton, S. J., Calder, A. G. & Garlick, P. J. (1991). Protein turnover rates in sick premature neonates during the first few days of life. Pediatric Research 30, 418422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgan, J. B. & Kovar, I. Z. (1990). Essential fatty acids and total parenteral nutrition. In Omega-6 Essential Fatty Acids, pp. 295304 (Horrobin, D. F., editor). New York: Wiley-Liss.Google Scholar
Morgan, J. B. & Mumford, P. M. (1981). Preliminary studies of energy expenditure in infants under 6 months of age. Acta Pædiatrica Scandinavica 70, 1519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pencharz, P. B., Clarke, R., Papageorgiou, A. & Farri, L. (1989). A reappraisal of protein turnover values in neonates fed human milk or formula. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, 282286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penn, D., Schmidt-Sommerfeld, E. & Pascu, F. (1981). Decreased tissue carnitine concentrations in newborn infants receiving total parenteral nutrition. Journal of Pediatrics 98, 976978.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pereira, G. R., Baker, L., Egler, J., Corcoran, L. & Chiavacci, R. (1990). Serum myoinositol concentrations in premature infants fed human milk, formula for infants, and parenteral nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 589593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puntis, J. W. L., Edwards, M. A. & Green, A. (1986). Hyperphenylalaninaemia in parenterally fed newborn babies. Lancet ii, 11051106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raiha, N. & Boehm, G. (1987). Protein and nitrogen metabolism in low birthweight infants. In Feeding the Sick Infant (Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series vol. II) pp. 6374 (Stern, L. editor). New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Raiten, D. J., Reynolds, R. F., Andon, M. B., Robbins, S. T. & Fletcher, A. B. (1991). Vitamin B-6 metabolism in premature infants. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 7883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saini, J. R., MacMahon, P., Morgan, J. B. & Kovar, I. Z. (1989). Early parenteral feeding of amino acids. Archives of Disease in Childhood 64, 13621366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, J. C. L. (1988). Growth and nutrition of the very preterm infant. British Medical Bulletin 44, 9841009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shenai, J. P., Chytil, F. & Stahlman, M. T. (1985). Vitamin A status of neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatric Research 19, 185189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shulman, R. J. (1989). Zinc and copper balance studies in infants receiving total parenteral nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 879883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stack, T., Reeds, P. J., Preston, T., Hay, S., Lloyd, D. J. & Aggett, P. J. (1989). 15N tracer studies of protein metabolism in low birth weight preterm infants: a comparison of 15N glycine and 15N yeast protein hydrolysate and of human milk- and formula-fed babies. Pediatric Research 25, 167172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stegink, L. D. (1986). Parenteral amino acid requirements: special problems and possible solutions. In Energy and Protein Needs during Infancy, pp. 183206 (Fomon, S. J. and Heird, W. C. editors). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sulkers, E. J., Lafeber, H. N., Degenhart, H. J., Przyrembel, H., Schlotzer, E. & Sauer, P. J. J. (1990). Effects of high carnitine supplementation on substrate utilization in low birthweight infants receiving total parenteral nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 889894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutton, A. M., Harvie, A., Cockburn, F., Farquharson, J. & Logan, R. W. (1985). Copper deficiency in the preterm infant of very low birthweight. Archives of Disease in Childhood 60, 644651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
The, T. S., Kolée, L. A. A., Boon, J. M. & Monnens, L. A. H. (1983). Rickets in a preterm infant during intravenous alimentation. Acta Pædiatrica Scandinavica 72, 769771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Aerde, J. E. E., Sauer, P. J. J., Pencharz, P. B., Smith, J. M. & Swyer, P. R. (1989). Effect of replacing glucose with lipid on the energy metabolism of newborn infants. Clinical Science 76, 581588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vidyasayar, D., Anderson, M., Diaz, J., Bhat, R. & Evans, M. (1987). Nutritional problems in neonatal intensive care units. In Feeding the Sick Infant (Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series vol. II) pp. 153175 (Stern, L., editor). New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Weinstein, M. R., Haugen, K., Bauer, J. H., Hewitt, J. & Finan, D. (1987). Intravenous energy and amino acids in the preterm newborn infant: effects on metabolic rate and potential mechanisms of action. Journal of Pediatrics 111, 119123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wharton, B. A. (1987). Nutrition and Feeding of Preterm Infants. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Widdowson, E. M. & Dickerson, J. W. T. (1964). Chemical composition of the body. In Mineral Metabolism, vol. 2A, pp. 1247 (Comar, C. L. and Bronner, F., editors). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Yu, V. Y. H., James, B., Hendry, P. & MacMahon, R. A. (1979). Total parenteral nutrition in very low birthweight infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 54, 653661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zelikovic, I., Chesney, R. W., Friedman, A. L. & Ahlfors, C. E. (1990). Taurine depletion in very low birth weight infants receiving prolonged total parenteral nutrition: role of renal immaturity. Journal of Pediatrics 116, 301306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ziegler, E. E., O'Donnell, A. M., Nelson, S. E. & Fomon, S. J. (1976). Body composition of reference fetus. Growth 40, 329341.Google ScholarPubMed
Zlotkin, S. H. (1985). Meeting zinc, copper and manganese requirements in the parenterally fed preterm and fullterm infant. In Trace Elements of Children (Nestlé Nutrition Workshop, vol. 8) pp. 175180 (Chandra, R. K., editor). New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Zlotkin, S. H., Bryan, M. H. & Anderson, G. H. (1981). Intravenous nitrogen and energy intakes required to duplicate in utero nitrogen accretion in prematurely born infants. Journal of Pediatrics 99, 115120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar