The giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Mammalia, Pilosa, Myrmecophagidae) is a large mammal with a wide geographical distribution. It originally occurred from northern Central America to southern South America (Miranda et al., Reference Miranda, Chiarello, Röhe, Braga, Mourão and Miranda2014a) but is now considered to be rare in some regions, with low population densities (Braga, Reference Braga2009). The species’ life-history traits, including diet specificity, low reproductive rates and large body size, together with the threats of road-kill and habitat degradation through habitat loss and fire in many areas of its range, are factors influencing its decline (Miranda et al., Reference Miranda, Chiarello, Röhe, Braga, Mourão and Miranda2014a).

For these reasons M. tridactyla is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List (Miranda et al., Reference Miranda, Bertassoni and Abba2014b). Although the species was recorded in the Colombian Andes during 2013–2015 for the first time in over 100 years (Figel et al., Reference Figel, Botero-Cañola, Sánchez-Londoño and Quíntero-Ángel2016), it is considered to be extinct in Belize, Costa Rica and Guatemala, and regionally extinct in Uruguay, and little is known about its status in other areas, including parts of Brazil (Miranda et al., Reference Miranda, Chiarello, Röhe, Braga, Mourão and Miranda2014a,Reference Miranda, Bertassoni and Abbab). Although it is considered to have a preference for open habitats, M. tridactyla has been recorded in all Brazilian biomes (Miranda et al., Reference Miranda, Chiarello, Röhe, Braga, Mourão and Miranda2014a). Its occurrence in forest environments has been linked to the need for thermoregulation (Camilo-Alves & Mourão, Reference Camilo-Alves and Mourão2006), rest (Medri & Mourão, Reference Medri and Mourão2005) and protection (Kreutz et al., Reference Kreutz, Fischer and Linsenmair2012).

The Atlantic Forest is composed of four main vegetation types (INPE & SOS Mata Atlântica, 2014): dense rainforest (i.e. Atlantic Forest sensu stricto), which extends from the coastal region of Brazil to the highlands of the Serra do Mar; mixed rainforest (i.e. Araucaria moist forest); and seasonal semi-deciduous and deciduous forests, both of which occur in the interior of this biome. Although the giant anteater has been recorded in dense forest, records of the species in dense Atlantic Forest are scarce. According to records for 1906–1968 M. tridactyla occurred in dense rainforest in the state of Espirito Santo, south-eastern Brazil, but the species is now extinct in this state (Moreira et al., Reference Moreira, Coutinho and Mendes2008).

We report the first record of M. tridactyla in dense rainforest highlands in the largest continuous expanse of Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil. This is one of the first records of the species in this vegetation type within a protected area. To provide a context for these sightings we present an overview of the occurrence of the species in protected areas in Brazil.

We recorded M. tridactyla in the 32,000 ha Parque Estadual das Lauráceas, in Paraná State, southern Brazil. This park is in a mountainous area of the Atlantic Forest biome and includes dense rainforest (Atlantic Forest stricto sensu) and patches of mixed rainforest (Araucaria forest) at 400–1,400 m altitude. The climate is subtropical (Cfb Köeppen), with mean annual rainfall of 1,450 mm and mean annual temperature of 17.7°C (IAP, 2002). We surveyed medium and large mammals in dense rainforest over a 17-month period during July 2013–December 2014, using a mean of 10 camera traps (Trophy Cam, Bushnell Outdoor Products, Overland Park, USA) spaced c. 1 km apart and in permanent operation throughout the study period in areas of Atlantic Forest of advanced successional stage. The total survey effort was c. 4,590 camera-days. Of the 941 video recordings of medium and large mammals obtained, two were of M. tridactyla (Plate 1). The species was first recorded on 6 November 2013 at 16.40, close to a watercourse at an altitude of 983 m. The second record occurred at another camera trap station on 3 February 2014 at 16.39, at an altitude of 868 m.

Plate 1 A giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla and its habitat in the highland areas of dense rainforest (Atlantic Forest sensu stricto), in southern Brazil.

These records of the giant anteater supplement those obtained by Beisiegel (Reference Beisiegel2009), who recorded it along with other medium and large-sized mammal species in the state park Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, São Paulo State, which is an area of dense rainforest c. 110 km north of Parque Estadual das Lauráceas. The species has now been recorded in 72 protected areas in Brazil: 21 in the Amazon, 34 in the Cerrado, five in the Pantanal and three in the Caatinga, and nine in Atlantic Forest (Fig. 1; Supplementary Table S1). Our records are the first in dense rainforest in southern Brazil (Fig. 1; Miranda et al., Reference Miranda, Chiarello, Röhe, Braga, Mourão and Miranda2014a).

Fig. 1 (a) Occurrence records of the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla in protected areas in Brazil (Miranda et al., Reference Miranda, Chiarello, Röhe, Braga, Mourão and Miranda2014a; Diniz & Brito, Reference Diniz and Brito2015; Supplementary Table S1). (b)  Occurrence records in Paraná State, including those recorded in the dense rainforest of Parque Estadual das Lauráceas in this study, and the records of Beisiegel (Reference Beisiegel2009) in Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho in São Paulo State.

These records in Parque Estadual das Lauráceas are from the largest remnant of the Atlantic Forest and provide new information about the species’ range. This park is the largest fully protected area in Paraná State (IAP, 2002) but although the park is well preserved the surrounding region has suffered environmental pressures, including the illegal extraction of the heart of the palm Euterpe edulis, plantations of Pinus spp., and hunting. In neighbouring states M. tridactyla is categorized as Critically Endangered (IAP, 2010; FZB, 2014).

In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, for example, the last record is a sighting in the northern part of the state in 1999 (Oliveira & Vilella, Reference Oliveira, Vilella, Marques, Fontana, Vélez, Bencke, Schneider and Reis2003). In the state of Santa Catarina there is disagreement between the state, which considers the species to be extinct, and researchers (Miranda et al., Reference Miranda, Chiarello, Röhe, Braga, Mourão and Miranda2014a). Thus, the state of Paraná may now be the southern limit of the distribution of M. tridactyla in Brazil.

Historically, there has been little research on the conservation of M. tridactyla in Brazil, and such studies by state governments and researchers are hindered by a lack of knowledge about the species’ biology (Diniz & Brito, Reference Diniz and Brito2012). This situation is exacerbated in the Atlantic Forest, where studies of M. tridactyla are particularly scarce. In contrast, studies on the species’ ecology, such as population density, distribution, genetic diversity, activity patterns and habitat use predominate and have been conducted largely in open areas of the Pantanal and Cerrado (e.g. Medri & Mourão, Reference Medri and Mourão2005; Camilo-Alves & Mourão, Reference Camilo-Alves and Mourão2006; Collevatti et al., Reference Collevatti, Leite, Miranda and Rodrigues2007). In the unprotected areas in which the giant anteater is known to occur it inhabits a fragmented landscape and is exposed to threats such as road traffic, domestic dogs, fires and urbanization (Cáceres et al., Reference Cáceres, Hannibal, Freitas, Silva, Roman and Casella2010; Miranda et al., Reference Miranda, Chiarello, Röhe, Braga, Mourão and Miranda2014a; Miretzki & Braga, Reference Miretzki and Braga2014). Connectivity between protected areas, which is crucial for the species’ persistence through the maintenance of genetic diversity, is poor and therefore of concern. The creation of wildlife corridors would be an invaluable tool to enhance the effectiveness of conservation strategies for M. tridactyla.

Considering the threats and pressures facing the giant anteater, the records reported here show the importance of continuous Atlantic Forest and its highland areas in maintaining the population of the species in protected areas in southern Brazil. Our compilation of records of the species’ occurrence in the protected areas of Brazil is a resource for future re-evaluations of the species’ distribution and conservation status.