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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 August 2013
This paper deals with the well-known reliefs in the Palazzo Spada at Rome and those related to them, and is an attempt by means of a detailed analysis to determine their date and artistic affinities. As long ago as 1880 Dr. Theodor Schreiber suggested that they contained Hellenistic elements and were to some extent dependent for their motives on paintings. In 1888 he returned to the attack in his book on the Grimani reliefs at Vienna and put forward the view that the Spada and Grimani reliefs and their kin were Alexandrian in origin. In consequence he regards the introduction of rustic and landscape scenes into sculpture as an Alexandrian element, and would assign all reliefs which show such motives to the Alexandrian art of the Hellenistic age.
page 167 note 1 Arch. Zeit. 1880, pp. 145 ff.
page 167 note 2 Bull. Com. 1897, p. no.
page 167 note 3 Helbig, Untersuchungen über die Campanische Wandmalerei.
page 168 note 1 Helbig, Führer 2, 469, 470.
page 168 note 2 English translation by Mrs.Strong, ; Roman. Art, London, 1900, HeinemannGoogle Scholar.
page 168 note 3 Bonner Jahrbücher 103, pp. 87 ff.
page 168 note 4 Quarterly Review vol. 204, pp. 127 ff.
page 168 note 5 Roman Sculpture, p. 296.
page 168 note 6 Jahrbuch 1896, pp. 78 ff.; cf. his Alexandrinische Toreutik published in 1894.
page 168 note 7 Vol. iv. pp. 456 ff. (English edition).
page 168 note 8 Neue Jahrbücher 1905, pp. 113 ff.
page 168 note 9 Neue Jahrbücher 1900, pp. 263 ff.
page 168 note 10 B.S.A. ix., pp. 211 ff.
page 168 note 11 1894, pp. 66 ff.; 1901, pp. 258 ff.; cf. E.V. 1162, text.
page 169 note 1 Guide to the Stone Age Antiquities in the British Museum, pp. 48 ff., Figs. 50–67.
page 169 note 2 Stais, Marbres et bronzes dti Musée National, p. 150, Nos. 1116–1118, 1127, with Figs.
page 169 note 3 B.C.H. 1902, Pls. VII., VIII.
page 169 note 4 B.S.A. xiii., p. 60.
page 170 note 1 Sparta Museum Catalogue, pp. 120 ff., Figs. 1–6, 9, 10, 26, 27; p. 191, Fig. 65.
page 170 note 2 Kourouniotes, Jahrbuch 1901, p. 20, Fig. 1.
page 170 note 3 Salinas, Mon. Ant. Lincei i. (1892), Pls. I.–III.
page 171 note 1 Except perhaps the olive relief in one of the archaic poros pediments from the Acropolis, Wiegand, Poros Architektur, Pl. XIV.
page 171 note 2 No. 1333; Μνημεȋα τῆῆς Ἑλλάδος, Pl. XXXIII; Collignon, Hist. Sculpture Grecque ii., p. 117, Fig. 56; Brunn-Bruckmann, 475 a.
page 171 note 3 Athens National Museum, No. 715, Collignon, , op. cit. ii., p. 151Google Scholar, Fig. 75.
page 171 note 4 Stais, op. cit., No. 1404; Svoronos, Ἐθνικὸν Μονσȋον, Pl. LX.; Schoene, Gr. Reliefs, 112; Kekule, Ant. Bild. im Theseion, 374.
page 171 note 5 Roscher, , Lexikon der Mythologie ii., p. 2187Google Scholar, Fig.
page 171 note 6 Arndt-Amelung, E.V. 1242; Svoronos, op. cit., Pl. XLIV.; Schreiber, Brunnen-reliefs, pp. 50 ff.
page 171 note 7 Athens Nat. Mus. Nos. 1351, 1358; Svoronos, op. cit., Pls. XLIX., XLVI.; Ἐϕ. Ἀρχ. 1908, pp. 104 ff., Fig. 1.
page 171 note 8 Roscher, , op. cit., ii. p. 2539Google Scholar, Fig. 5; Blinkenberg, Arch. Studien, pp. 48 ff. Pl. I.
page 171 note 9 Ath. Mitt. 1893, Pl. I.; cf. Athens Nat. Mus. Nos. 1388, 1460; Svoronos, op. cit., Pls. LIII., LXXVII.
page 171 note 10 Athens Nat. Mus. Nos. 1330, 1333, 1335, 1461; Svoronos, op. cit., Pls. XXXV., XXXVI., LXXVII.; Arndt-Amelung, E.V. 1230, 1231; cf. Schoene, Gr. Reliefs, Pl. XIV. 66.
page 172 note 1 Athens Nat. Mus. 1383, 1384, 1398; Svoronos, op. cit., Pls. XXXVIII., XXXIX., LVIII.; Arndt-Amelung, E.V. 1240; cf. Blinkenberg, Ath. Mitt. 1899, p. 295, 2; Schreiber, Jahrbuch 1896, p. 99, note 56.
page 172 note 2 Stais, op. cit., Nos. 986, 752.
page 172 note 3 Collignon, , Hist. Sculpt. Grecque ii., p. 369Google Scholar, Fig. 189; cf. De Cou, Am. Journ. Arch. 1893, Pls. II., III.
page 172 note 4 Furtwängler, Glyptothek, No. 206; the provenance is said to be Corinth: cf. the relief from Rhodes, Röm. Mitt. 1901, p. 260, Fig. I. The figure in the text is reproduced from ibid. Fig. 2, by the kind permission of F. Bruckmann and Co., of Munich.
page 173 note 1 Schrader, Jahrbuch 1900, pp. 97 ff. Pl I. 3, 4, cf. Fig. 15.
page 173 note 2 Schrader, Jahrbuch 1900, Pl. I. 49.
page 173 note 3 Pergamon iii. I, p. 81; cf. Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 218 ff.
page 173 note 4 Edhem Bey, B.C.H. 1904, p. 71, Pl. VII.; Rev. Arch. 1906, i. pp. 225 ff.
page 173 note 5 Jahrbuch 1905, pp. 47, 123 ff.
page 173 note 6 Pfuhl, Ath. Mitt. 1901, pp. 258 ff.
page 174 note 1 Cf. Athens Nat. Mus. 1158, 1245, 1313, 1948; Svoronos, op. cit., Pl. XXXIII. 6. In the museum at Mykonos there was a grave stele with a large vine in the background, and one of the broken stelae from Pagasae, which belongs to about the third century B.C., has a tree sculptured in the background; Volo Museum No. 125, v. Arvanitopoullos, Κατάλογος, pp. 359 ff., 103 ff.
page 174 note 2 Athens Nat. Mus. 1390, 1429, 1450; Svoronos, op. cit., Pl. LV.; cf. 1158 v. Stais, op. cit.
page 174 note 3 Stais, op. cit., No. 1192, Alinari, phot. 24415.
page 174 note 4 Schreiber, Hell. Reliefbilder, Pls. II., XXII., LIV., LV., LXXVII.
page 174 note 5 Athens Nat. Mus. 1449; Furtwängler, Ath. Mitt. 1878, p. 201, I; Svoronos, op. cit. Pl. LXXIV.
page 174 note 6 Acropolis Museum 1345, Arndt-Amelung, E. V. 1274. Hauser (Neu-Attische Reliefs, pp. 140 ff.) and Sieveking (E. V. he. cit.) suggest that this relief is dated too late, and would assign it to the fifth century; the later date seems to me more likely; it is very similar to the Megalopolis relief.
page 174 note 7 Athens Nat. Mus. 1443; 1444, Arndt-Amelung E. V. 1248, 2; 1445 from Eleusis, Arndt-Amelung E. V. 1254, 9; 1446 from Megara, Arndt-Amelung E. V. 1254, 8; 1447, Arndt-Amelung E.V. 1254, 7; 1448 from Parnes, Arndt-Amelung E.V. 1254, 6; cf. Svoronos, op. cit. Pls. LXXIII, LXXIV; 1878, 1879 from Fames; 2007–2009, 2011, 2012 from Vari, v. Amer. Journ. Arch. 1903, p. 301, Pl. III. ff.; cf. Svoronos, op. cit., Pls. XCVII. ff.
page 175 note 1 Antike Denkmäler, i. Pls. XVI, XVII.
page 176 note 1 Conze, Berlin Sitzungsberichte 1882, p. 572; Hübner, Jahrbuch 1888, pp. 10ff; cf. the round building at Ephesus, Benndorf, , Ephesus i, pp. 143Google Scholar ff.
page 176 note 2 Augustae, Ara Pacis, Sonderschriften d. Oesterr. arch. Inst. Vol. ii., Vienna, 1902Google Scholar.
page 176 note 3 Pasqui, Notizie degli Scavi 1903, pp. 549 ff. The most recent work on the subject is Studniczka's article Zur Ara Pacis, Abhandlungen der phil.-hist. Klasse der kgl. Sächs. Ges. Bd. xxvii. (1909), No. xxvi.
page 178 note 1 The block in the text has been kindly lent by the German Archaeological Institute in Rome. It originally appeared in Hülsen's article in Röm. Mitt. xvii. (1902), p. 53Google Scholar, Fig. 14.
page 178 note 2 v. Altmann, Architektur u. Ornamentik d. ant. Sark. p. 66, Fig. 25; Dragendorff, Bonner Jahrbücher 103, p. 96 and Taf. III.
page 178 note 3 Wickhoff, Roman Art, Pl. IV; Strong, Roman Sculpture, Pl. XXI.
page 178 note 4 Heron de Villefosse, Cat. Somm. 1096, 1097.
page 178 note 5 Bernoulli, , Röm. Ikon, ii.Google Scholar, Pl. VI. We might aiso add the Sorrento Basis (Heydemann, Röm. Mitt. 1889, Pl. X), and a relief at Palermo (Petersen, Ara Pacis, p. 75, Fig. 30).
page 178 note 6 Ann. Inst. 1842, Pl. C; Benndorf-Schoene, La'eran, No. 212; Helbig, Führer. i.2 677; Strong, Roman Sculpture, Pl. XXXII.
page 178 note 7 Wickhoff, Roman Art, p. 77, Figs. 29, 30.
page 179 note 1 Papers B.S.R. iii, Pls. XXI, XXII; Reinach, Rev. Arch. 1910, pp. 118 ff.
page 179 note 2 Wickhoff, op. cit. Pls. VII, VIII; Strong, Roman Sculpture, Pl. XXXV.
page 179 note 3 Ann. Inst. 1877, pp. 5 ff; Mon. Inst. x., Pls. XL–XL a. Anderson phot. 2230.
page 179 note 4 Hülsen, Forum Romanum, pp. 86, 87, Fig. 32.
page 179 note 5 Cf. the relief in the Lateran with quinces and lemons, Wickhoff, op. cit., Pl. X.
page 180 note 1 Papers B.S.R. iii., pp. 280, 281, 292.
page 180 note 2 Wickhoff, op. cit., p. 109, Figs. 37, 38.
page 180 note 3 Strong, Roman Sculpture, Pls. XLVII, XLVIII; for other Trajanic reliefs v. Papers B.S.R. iv., pp. 244 ff.
page 180 note 4 v. Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Trajanssäule.
page 180 note 5 Papers B.S.R. iv., p. 258, Pl. XXXIII; Strong, Roman Sculpture, Pl LXXI.
page 180 note 6 Amelung, Skulpt. d. Vat. Mus. i, Pls. CCXVI, CCXVIII; Strong, op. cit., Pl. LXXXII; to the same period belong the two Asclepieion reliefs in the Palazzo Rondanini, Matz-von Duhn, Antike Bildwerke in Rom. 3522, 3523; Rom. Mittheil. 1886, pp. 166 ff.; cf. Strong, op. cit., Pl. LXXXI.
page 181 note 1 Petersen, Domaszewski, and Calderini, Die Marcussäule.
page 181 note 2 Stuart Jones, Papers B.S.R. iii., pp. 251 ff., Pls. XXIII.–XXVIII.
page 181 note 3 Bull. Comm. 1900, pp. 25 ff.
page 181 note 4 Papers B.S.R. iv., pp. 263 ff., Pl. XXXIV.
page 182 note 1 The interval between these reliefs and the Augustan age is filled by a class of reliefs already grouped by Wickhoff (Roman Art, p. 36, note 3), in which the treatment of the foliage is identical and like that of the Greek reliefs referred to. The principal members of this group are the Bacchic scene (five replicas, two in the Capitol, Schreiber, Hellenistische Reliejbilder (cited as H.R.), Pls. XLVI, XLVIII, one at Naples, H.R., Pl. XLVII, and two at Bologna), the Dolon relief (Vienna, H.R. Pl. XLV; Rome, Helbig2 1090), two fragments in the Magazzino Archeologico at Rome (H.R. Pls. XL, XLI), the Icarius reliefs (Hauser, Neu-Attische Reliefs, pp. 189 ff.), the Citharoedus reliefs (Studniczka, Jahrbuch 1906, pp. 78 ff.), and a relief in the Vatican (H.R. Pl. LXXIV; Amelung, Skulpt. d. Vat. Mus. ii., pp. 358 ff.).
page 183 note 1 Brunnenreliefs, pp. 94, 95.
page 183 note 2 Helbig ii.2, p. 150; Wickhoff, Roman Art, pp. 36 ff.
page 184 note 1 H.R. Pl. VII. Phot. Anderson 1987. There is a fragment of a replica in the Museo delle Terme, H.R. Pl. XIX 1.
page 184 note 2 Furtwängler, Ant. Gemmen, Pl. XLIX, 4.
page 184 note 3 Photo, Giraudon, B. 530
page 184 note 4 Ath. Mitt. 1877, Pl. XI.
page 184 note 5 Masterpieces, p. 153.
page 184 note 6 Furtwängler, Masterpieces, pp. 146 ff.
page 184 note 7 Roscher, , Lexikon der Mythologie iii., p. 667Google Scholar.
page 184 note 8 Furtwängler-Urlichs, Denkmäler griech. u. röm. Sculpttir, p. 120.
page 184 note 9 Helbig2 ii., p. 156.
page 184 note 10 H.R. Pl. VIII. Phot. Anderson 1986.
page 184 note 11 Helbig, Wandgemälde, 1205–1208; Robert, , Ant. Sark. iiiGoogle Scholar. 1, Fig. 35. Phot. Brogi 11204.
page 185 note 1 Collignon, , Hist. Sculpt, grecque ii.Google Scholar, Figs. 195, 197.
page 185 note 2 Cf. Hauser, Neu-attische Reliefs, Pls. II., III.
page 185 note 3 Jahrbuch 1889, Pl. II. 3, 4.
page 185 note 4 H.R. Pl. VI. Phot. Anderson 1980.
page 185 note 5 Cf. Helbig, Wandgemälde, 1156.
page 185 note 6 Imhoof-Blumer-Gardner, Num. Comm. Paus. Pl. I., 2–9.
page 185 note 7 Collignon, , op. cit. ii.Google Scholar, Fig. 166.
page 185 note 8 Ann. Inst. 1877, pp. 5 ff.; Mon. Inst. x., Pls. XL., XLI. a.
page 185 note 9 Wickhoff, Roman Art, p. 38, Fig. 14.
page 186 note 1 H.R. Pl. IV. Phot. Anderson 1983.
page 186 note 2 Brunn-Bruckmann, 379; Dietrichson, Antinous, Pl. IV. 9.
page 186 note 3 Amelung, , Skulpt. Vat. Mus. ii., pp. 33 ffGoogle Scholar.
page 186 note 4 H.R., Pl. III. Phot. Anderson 1892.
page 186 note 5 Robert, , Ant. Sark, ii.Google Scholar, Pl. L.
page 186 note 6 Venturi, , Storia dell'Arte Italiana i., p. 403Google Scholar, Fig. 367.
page 186 note 7 Helbig ii.2, 823.
page 186 note 8 Bartoli, Ant. Sepolcri, Pl. XLVII.; Papers B.S.R. iii., p. 140.
page 187 note 1 Friedrichs-Wolters, 504.
page 187 note 2 H.R., Pl. V. Phot. Anderson 1979.
page 187 note 3 Hauser, Neu-Attische Reliefs, types 3 and 9.
page 187 note 4 Robert, , Ant. Sari, ii.Google Scholar, Pl. V.
page 187 note 5 Amelung, , Skulpt. Vat. Mus. ii., p. 133Google Scholar, Pl. XII.
page 187 note 6 Brunn-Bruckmann, Pl. XVIII.
page 187 note 7 Matz-von Duhn, Antike Bildwerke, 3521.
page 188 note 1 H.R., Pl. X.; Arch. Zeit. 1880, pp. 145 ff., Pl. XIII. Phot. Anderson 1984.
page 188 note 2 Rostowzew, Jahrbuch 1904, pp. 103 ff. Pls. V.-VII.
page 189 note 1 See above pp. 180 ff.
page 189 note 2 H.R., Pl. XI. Phot. Anderson 1985.
page 189 note 3 Furtwängler, Glyptothek, 251; H.R., Pl. LXXV.
page 189 note 4 Helbig, Wandgemälde, 1271 ff.
page 189 note 5 Amelung, , Skulpt. Vat. Mus. ii.Google Scholar, Pl. XLVII.
page 189 note 6 Maynial, Mélanges 1903, Pls. III., IV.
page 189 note 7 Mon. Inst. vi., Pls. XLIX., LII.
page 189 note 8 Robert, , Ant. Sark, ii.Google Scholar, Pl. V. 16, 17.
page 189 note 9 Roscher, , op. cit. iii., p. 1619Google Scholar.
page 189 note 10 Furtwängler, Gemmen, Pl. LII. 7.
page 189 note 11 Robert, , Ant. Sark, ii., p. 17Google Scholar.
page 190 note 1 H.R. Pl. X.; Helbig2, 469.
page 190 note 2 v. above p. 187.
page 190 note 3 Reinach, , Rép. ii., p. 509Google Scholar; E. V. 1074.
page 190 note 4 Helbig, Wandgemälde, 1187 ff. Phot. Brogi 6254.
page 190 note 5 See Mauser, Neu-attische Reliefs.
page 190 note 6 Antike Denkmäler ii., Pl. XXXV.
page 190 note 7 Watzinger, Relief des Archelaos, p. 4.
page 190 note 8 Führer 2, 469.
page 190 note 9 N.H. xxxv. 132.
page 191 note 1 H.R., Pl. XIII.
page 191 note 2 Wickhoff, Roman Art, p. 38.
page 191 note 3 H.R., Pl. XV.
page 191 note 4 Reinach, , Répertoire ii., p. 173, 7, 8Google Scholar.
page 191 note 5 Helbig2, 1103.
page 191 note 6 Wickhoff, Roman Art, p. 38.
page 191 note 7 H.R., Pl. XVI.
page 192 note 1 Collignon, , op. cit. ii., p. 668Google Scholar, Fig. 352; Friedrichs-Wolters 1665; Hauser, Neu-Attische Reliefs, p. 184.
page 192 note 2 H.R., Pl. XVII. Amelung-Holtzinger, , Museums and Ruins, i. p. 141Google Scholar, Fig. 8.
page 192 note 3 Friedrichs-Wolters, 1510.
page 192 note 4 Antike Bildwerke, 3576.
page 192 note 5 H.R., Pl. XXI.
page 192 note 6 Collignon, , op. cit. ii., p. 665Google Scholar, Fig. 349.
page 192 note 7 Papers B.S.R. iii., Pls. 23 ff.
page 193 note 1 Amelung, , Skulpt. Vas. Mus. ii., p. 380Google Scholar, Pl. XLII.
page 193 note 2 Helbig i.2, 394.
page 193 note 3 H.R., Pl. XIV.
page 193 note 4 Jones, Stuart, Papers B.S.R. iii., p. 227Google Scholar.
page 193 note 5 H.R., Pl. XXII.
page 194 note 1 H.R., Pl. XI.
page 194 note 2 Helbig ii.2, 851.
page 194 note 3 Helbig ii.2, 826.
page 194 note 4 Helbig, Wandgemälde, 1209, 1210.
page 194 note 5 Studniczka, Jahrbuch 1906, p. 77.
page 194 note 6 Friedrichs-Wolters, 1500.
page 194 note 7 Helbig ii.2, 826.
page 194 note 8 Helbig ii.2, 823; H.K., Pl. LXXVI.
page 195 note 1 H.R., Pl. XXVI.
page 195 note 2 See E. V. 704; Mariani, , Mon. Ant. vii., pp. 377 ffGoogle Scholar.
page 195 note 3 Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations, p. 144.
page 195 note 4 H.R., Pl. XVIII.; Furtwängler, Glyptothek, 250.
page 195 note 5 Helbig i.2, 415.
page 196 note 1 H.R., Pl. II.
page 196 note 2 H.R., Pl. I; cf. Schreiber, Brunnenreliefs.
page 196 note 3 Wickhoff, Roman Art, pp. 35 ff.
page 196 note 4 Heron de Villefosse, Cat. Sommaire, 459; Robert, , Ant. Sark, ii.Google Scholar, Pl. I; Altmann, Arch. u. Orn. Ant. Sark. p. 79. Phot. Alinari 22692.
page 198 note 1 See above, p. 184.
page 198 note 2 Christ, Führer durch d. Antiquarium, p. 31, No. 609; the photograph here reproduced I owe to the kindness of Dr. Sieveking.
page 199 note 1 Helbig1, 214; Amelung, , Skulpt. Vat. Mus. ii., p. 640Google Scholar, Pl. LXI.
page 199 note 2 Amelung, , Skulpt. Vat. Mus. ii., pp. 690, 715Google Scholar, Nos. 431, 442, Pl. LXXX.
page 200 note 1 Brunnenreliejs, p. 13, Fig. 7.
