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THE MONUMENTALITY OF GLADIATORIAL GRAFFITI IN THE FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATRE: A CONTEXTUAL APPROACH
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 June 2024
Abstract
The present article offers a new interpretation of the gladiatorial graffiti preserved within the Flavian Amphitheatre from a contextual perspective. Although recent scholarship has set a solid foundation for investigating the role and nature of gladiatorial graffiti, a contextual examination of this epigraphic category represents a major desideratum. The article investigates graffiti within the epigraphic environment of the Flavian Amphitheatre. It examines the juxtaposition of graffiti and official inscriptions, their interaction with spatial and material surroundings and their distinctiveness as visual and material media with which to perpetuate the fleeting arena performances. By combining close reading with a new visual representation of gladiatorial graffiti – created digitally upon autoptic study – the article provides the reader with the first systematic analysis of this exceptional epigraphic record. Challenging critical notions of impermanence and instability, the article explores strategies of memorialization and techniques of temporality performed by graffiti, inviting reflection on the negotiation of and paradoxical takes on the contradictory concept of monumentality in the arena.
Il presente contributo propone una nuova lettura dei graffiti gladiatorii conservati presso l'anfiteatro Flavio, prestando attenzione al contesto di rinvenimento. Studi recenti hanno posto in evidenza il ruolo e la natura dei graffiti gladiatorii. Tuttavia, l'analisi di questa categoria epigrafica nel suo contesto di appartenenza rappresenta ancora un desideratum. Il presente articolo si propone pertanto di esaminare il rapporto fra i graffiti e le iscrizioni ufficiali dell'anfiteatro, nonché l'interazione fra i graffiti e il contesto spaziale e materiale in cui sono stati rinvenuti, suggerendo l'unicità di questa fonte epigrafica commemorazione eterna delle performances dell'arena. Il contributo integra l'esame autoptico in situ e una nuova rappresentazione digitale dei graffiti, offrendo il primo studio sistematico di questo unicum epigrafico. Mettendo in discussione le nozioni di instabilità e estemporaneità tradizionalmente associate ai graffiti, l'articolo esamina le strategie di commemorazione e la negoziazione del tempo performate dai graffiti, sollecitando nuove riflessioni sul rapporto, i paradossi e le contraddizioni implicite nella relazione fra graffiti e il tropo della monumentalità.
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References
REFERENCES
- AGP
Ancient Graffiti Project http://ancientgraffiti.org/Graffiti/
- CIL
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
- EAOR I
= Sabbatini Tumolesi, P. (1988) Epigrafia anfiteatrale delĺoccidente romano. I. Roma. Rome, Quasar.
- EAOR II
= Gregori, G. L. (1989) Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell'occidente romano. Regiones Italiae VI-XI. II. Rome, Quasar.
- EAOR V
= Vismara, C. and Caldelli, M. L. (2000) Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell'occidente romano. V. Alpes Maritimae, Gallia Narbonensis, Tres Galliae, Germaniae, Britannia. Rome, Quasar.
- EAOR VI
= Orlandi, S. (2004) Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell'occidente romano. VI. Roma. Anfiteatri e strutture annesse con una nuova edizione e commento delle iscrizioni del Colosseo. Rome, Quasar.
- EDR
Epigraphic Database Roma http://www.edr-edr.it/
- ILS
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
- LTUR
Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae, ed. E.M. Steinby. Rome, Quasar.
Ancient Graffiti Project http://ancientgraffiti.org/Graffiti/
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
= Sabbatini Tumolesi, P. (1988) Epigrafia anfiteatrale delĺoccidente romano. I. Roma. Rome, Quasar.
= Gregori, G. L. (1989) Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell'occidente romano. Regiones Italiae VI-XI. II. Rome, Quasar.
= Vismara, C. and Caldelli, M. L. (2000) Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell'occidente romano. V. Alpes Maritimae, Gallia Narbonensis, Tres Galliae, Germaniae, Britannia. Rome, Quasar.
= Orlandi, S. (2004) Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell'occidente romano. VI. Roma. Anfiteatri e strutture annesse con una nuova edizione e commento delle iscrizioni del Colosseo. Rome, Quasar.
Epigraphic Database Roma http://www.edr-edr.it/
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae, ed. E.M. Steinby. Rome, Quasar.
Alföldy, G. (1995) Eine Bauinschrift aus dem Colosseum. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 109: 195–226.Google Scholar
Baird, J.A. and Taylor, C. (eds) (2011) Ancient Graffiti in Context. New York and London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Benefiel, R.R. (2011) Dialogues of graffiti in the House of the Four Styles at Pompeii (Casa dei Quattro Stili, I.8.17, 11). In Baird, J.A. and Taylor, C. (eds), Ancient Graffiti in Context: 20–48. New York and London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Benefiel, R.R. (2018) Gladiators, greetings and poetry: graffiti in first century Pompeii. In Ragazzoli, C. (ed.), Scribbling Through History: Graffiti, Places and People from Antiquity to Modernity: 101–16. London and New York, Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Chomse, S. (2018) Instability and the sublime in Martial's Liber Spectaculorum. In Ginsberg, D.L. and Krasne, D.A. (eds), After 69 CE: Writing Civil War in Flavian Rome: 387–410. Berlin and Boston, De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coarelli, F. (2001) L'armamento e le classi dei gladiatori. In Regina, La (ed.), Sangue e arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2002): 153–73. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Coleman, K. (2006) M. Valerii Martialis Liber Spectaculorum. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cooley, A.E. (2012) The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwall-Smith, R.H. (1996) Emperors and Architecture: A Study of Flavian Rome. Brussels, Latomus.Google Scholar
Fowler, D.P. (2000) Roman Constructions. Readings in Postmodern Latin. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garraffoni, R.S. and Funari, P.P.A. (2009) Reading Pompeii's walls: a social archaeological approach to gladiatorial graffiti. In Wilmott, T. (ed.), Roman Amphitheatres and Spectacula. A 21st Century Perspective. Papers from an International Conference held at Chester, 16th–18th February, 2007: 185–93. Oxford, Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Gigante, M. (1979) Civiltà delle forme letterarie nell'antica Pompei. Naples, Bibliopolis.Google Scholar
Gregori, G.L. (2001) Aspetti sociali della gladiatura romana. In Regina, A. La (ed.), Sangue e arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2002): 15–27. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Gunderson, E. (1996) The ideology of the arena. Classical Antiquity 15.1: 113–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunderson, E. (2003) The Flavian Amphitheatre: all the world as stage. In Boyle, A.J. and Dominik, W.J. (eds), Flavian Rome. Culture, Image, Text: 637–58. Leiden and Boston, Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardie, P. (2012) Rumour and Renown: Representations of Fama in Western Literature. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hope, V. (2000) Fighting for identity: the funerary commemoration of Italian gladiators. In Cooley, A.E. (ed.), The Epigraphic Landscape of Roman Italy: 93–113. London, Institute of Classical Studies.Google Scholar
Jacobelli, L. (2003) Gladiatori a Pompei: protagonisti, luoghi, immagini. Rome, L'Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Kellum, B. (1999) The spectacle of the street. In Bergmann, B. and Kondoleon, C. (eds), The Art of Ancient Spectacle (Studies in the History of Art #56): 283–99. Washington, DC, and London, Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kontokosta, A. (2021) Contests in context: gladiatorial inscriptions and graffiti. In Futrell, A. and Scanlon, T.F. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World: 330–41. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langner, M. (2001) Antike Graffitizeichnungen. Motive, Gestaltung und Bedeutung. Wiesbaden, Ludwig Reichert.Google Scholar
La Regina, A. (ed.) (2001) Sangue e Arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2002). Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Lohmann, P. (2018) Graffiti als Interaktionsform: geritzte Inschriften in den Wohnhäusern Pompejis. Berlin, De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Milnor, K. (2014) Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niccolini, F. (1986) Le case ed i monumenti di Pompei disegnati e descritti. Vol. IV. Naples, Franco di Mauro Editore.Google Scholar
Orlandi, S. (2001) I loca del Colosseo. In La Regina, A. (ed.), Sangue e Arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2002): 89–103. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Packer, J.E. (2003) Plurima et amplissima opera: parsing Flavian Rome. In Boyle, A.J. and Dominik, W.J. (eds), Flavian Rome. Culture, Image, Text: 167–98. Leiden and Boston, Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pesando, F. (2001) Gladiatori a Pompei. In Regina, A. La (ed.), Sangue e Arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2022): 175–95. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Rea, R. (1993) Amphitheatrum. In Steinby, E.M. (ed.), Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae I: 30–5. Rome, Quasar.Google Scholar
Rimell, V. (2008) Martial’s Rome. Empire and the Ideology of Epigram. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sabbatini Tumolesi, P. (1988) Gli spettacoli anfiteatrali alla luce di alcune testimonianze epigrafiche. In Reggiani, A.M. (ed.), Anfiteatro Flavio: immagine, testimonianze, spettacoli: 91–9. Rome, Quasar.Google Scholar
Scheid, J. (1988) Commentarii fratrum Arvalium qui supersunt. Les copies épigraphiques des protocoles annuels de la confrérie arvale (21 av.–304 ap. J.-C.). Rome, École française de Rome: Soprintendenza archeologica di Roma.Google Scholar
Solin, H. (2020) Sulla documentazione epigrafica dell'istituzione gladiatoria a Pompei. Il caso di CIL IV 2508. In Sampaolo, V. (ed.), Gladiatori: 208–13. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Solin, H. and Itkonen-Kaila, M. (eds) (1966) Graffiti del Palatino: raccolti ed editi sotto la direzione di Veikko Väänänen. I. Paedagogium. Helsinki, Helsingfors.Google Scholar
Ville, G. (1981) La gladiature en occident des origines à la mort de Domitien. Rome, École française de Rome.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, R.E. (2005) An Introduction to Wall Inscriptions from Pompeii and Herculaneum. Wauconda, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (1996) Monumental writing and the expansion of Roman society in the early empire. The Journal of Roman Studies 86: 22–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alföldy, G. (1995) Eine Bauinschrift aus dem Colosseum. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 109: 195–226.Google Scholar
Baird, J.A. and Taylor, C. (eds) (2011) Ancient Graffiti in Context. New York and London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Benefiel, R.R. (2011) Dialogues of graffiti in the House of the Four Styles at Pompeii (Casa dei Quattro Stili, I.8.17, 11). In Baird, J.A. and Taylor, C. (eds), Ancient Graffiti in Context: 20–48. New York and London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Benefiel, R.R. (2018) Gladiators, greetings and poetry: graffiti in first century Pompeii. In Ragazzoli, C. (ed.), Scribbling Through History: Graffiti, Places and People from Antiquity to Modernity: 101–16. London and New York, Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Chomse, S. (2018) Instability and the sublime in Martial's Liber Spectaculorum. In Ginsberg, D.L. and Krasne, D.A. (eds), After 69 CE: Writing Civil War in Flavian Rome: 387–410. Berlin and Boston, De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coarelli, F. (2001) L'armamento e le classi dei gladiatori. In Regina, La (ed.), Sangue e arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2002): 153–73. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Coleman, K. (2006) M. Valerii Martialis Liber Spectaculorum. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cooley, A.E. (2012) The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwall-Smith, R.H. (1996) Emperors and Architecture: A Study of Flavian Rome. Brussels, Latomus.Google Scholar
Fowler, D.P. (2000) Roman Constructions. Readings in Postmodern Latin. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garraffoni, R.S. and Funari, P.P.A. (2009) Reading Pompeii's walls: a social archaeological approach to gladiatorial graffiti. In Wilmott, T. (ed.), Roman Amphitheatres and Spectacula. A 21st Century Perspective. Papers from an International Conference held at Chester, 16th–18th February, 2007: 185–93. Oxford, Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Gigante, M. (1979) Civiltà delle forme letterarie nell'antica Pompei. Naples, Bibliopolis.Google Scholar
Gregori, G.L. (2001) Aspetti sociali della gladiatura romana. In Regina, A. La (ed.), Sangue e arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2002): 15–27. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Gunderson, E. (1996) The ideology of the arena. Classical Antiquity 15.1: 113–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunderson, E. (2003) The Flavian Amphitheatre: all the world as stage. In Boyle, A.J. and Dominik, W.J. (eds), Flavian Rome. Culture, Image, Text: 637–58. Leiden and Boston, Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardie, P. (2012) Rumour and Renown: Representations of Fama in Western Literature. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hope, V. (2000) Fighting for identity: the funerary commemoration of Italian gladiators. In Cooley, A.E. (ed.), The Epigraphic Landscape of Roman Italy: 93–113. London, Institute of Classical Studies.Google Scholar
Jacobelli, L. (2003) Gladiatori a Pompei: protagonisti, luoghi, immagini. Rome, L'Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Kellum, B. (1999) The spectacle of the street. In Bergmann, B. and Kondoleon, C. (eds), The Art of Ancient Spectacle (Studies in the History of Art #56): 283–99. Washington, DC, and London, Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kontokosta, A. (2021) Contests in context: gladiatorial inscriptions and graffiti. In Futrell, A. and Scanlon, T.F. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World: 330–41. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langner, M. (2001) Antike Graffitizeichnungen. Motive, Gestaltung und Bedeutung. Wiesbaden, Ludwig Reichert.Google Scholar
La Regina, A. (ed.) (2001) Sangue e Arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2002). Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Lohmann, P. (2018) Graffiti als Interaktionsform: geritzte Inschriften in den Wohnhäusern Pompejis. Berlin, De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Milnor, K. (2014) Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niccolini, F. (1986) Le case ed i monumenti di Pompei disegnati e descritti. Vol. IV. Naples, Franco di Mauro Editore.Google Scholar
Orlandi, S. (2001) I loca del Colosseo. In La Regina, A. (ed.), Sangue e Arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2002): 89–103. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Packer, J.E. (2003) Plurima et amplissima opera: parsing Flavian Rome. In Boyle, A.J. and Dominik, W.J. (eds), Flavian Rome. Culture, Image, Text: 167–98. Leiden and Boston, Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pesando, F. (2001) Gladiatori a Pompei. In Regina, A. La (ed.), Sangue e Arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2022): 175–95. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Rea, R. (1993) Amphitheatrum. In Steinby, E.M. (ed.), Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae I: 30–5. Rome, Quasar.Google Scholar
Rimell, V. (2008) Martial’s Rome. Empire and the Ideology of Epigram. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sabbatini Tumolesi, P. (1988) Gli spettacoli anfiteatrali alla luce di alcune testimonianze epigrafiche. In Reggiani, A.M. (ed.), Anfiteatro Flavio: immagine, testimonianze, spettacoli: 91–9. Rome, Quasar.Google Scholar
Scheid, J. (1988) Commentarii fratrum Arvalium qui supersunt. Les copies épigraphiques des protocoles annuels de la confrérie arvale (21 av.–304 ap. J.-C.). Rome, École française de Rome: Soprintendenza archeologica di Roma.Google Scholar
Solin, H. (2020) Sulla documentazione epigrafica dell'istituzione gladiatoria a Pompei. Il caso di CIL IV 2508. In Sampaolo, V. (ed.), Gladiatori: 208–13. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Solin, H. and Itkonen-Kaila, M. (eds) (1966) Graffiti del Palatino: raccolti ed editi sotto la direzione di Veikko Väänänen. I. Paedagogium. Helsinki, Helsingfors.Google Scholar
Ville, G. (1981) La gladiature en occident des origines à la mort de Domitien. Rome, École française de Rome.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, R.E. (2005) An Introduction to Wall Inscriptions from Pompeii and Herculaneum. Wauconda, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (1996) Monumental writing and the expansion of Roman society in the early empire. The Journal of Roman Studies 86: 22–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alföldy, G. (1995) Eine Bauinschrift aus dem Colosseum. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 109: 195–226.Google Scholar
Baird, J.A. and Taylor, C. (eds) (2011) Ancient Graffiti in Context. New York and London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Benefiel, R.R. (2011) Dialogues of graffiti in the House of the Four Styles at Pompeii (Casa dei Quattro Stili, I.8.17, 11). In Baird, J.A. and Taylor, C. (eds), Ancient Graffiti in Context: 20–48. New York and London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Benefiel, R.R. (2018) Gladiators, greetings and poetry: graffiti in first century Pompeii. In Ragazzoli, C. (ed.), Scribbling Through History: Graffiti, Places and People from Antiquity to Modernity: 101–16. London and New York, Bloomsbury.Google Scholar
Chomse, S. (2018) Instability and the sublime in Martial's Liber Spectaculorum. In Ginsberg, D.L. and Krasne, D.A. (eds), After 69 CE: Writing Civil War in Flavian Rome: 387–410. Berlin and Boston, De Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coarelli, F. (2001) L'armamento e le classi dei gladiatori. In Regina, La (ed.), Sangue e arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2002): 153–73. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Coleman, K. (2006) M. Valerii Martialis Liber Spectaculorum. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cooley, A.E. (2012) The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwall-Smith, R.H. (1996) Emperors and Architecture: A Study of Flavian Rome. Brussels, Latomus.Google Scholar
Fowler, D.P. (2000) Roman Constructions. Readings in Postmodern Latin. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garraffoni, R.S. and Funari, P.P.A. (2009) Reading Pompeii's walls: a social archaeological approach to gladiatorial graffiti. In Wilmott, T. (ed.), Roman Amphitheatres and Spectacula. A 21st Century Perspective. Papers from an International Conference held at Chester, 16th–18th February, 2007: 185–93. Oxford, Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Gigante, M. (1979) Civiltà delle forme letterarie nell'antica Pompei. Naples, Bibliopolis.Google Scholar
Gregori, G.L. (2001) Aspetti sociali della gladiatura romana. In Regina, A. La (ed.), Sangue e arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2002): 15–27. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Gunderson, E. (1996) The ideology of the arena. Classical Antiquity 15.1: 113–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunderson, E. (2003) The Flavian Amphitheatre: all the world as stage. In Boyle, A.J. and Dominik, W.J. (eds), Flavian Rome. Culture, Image, Text: 637–58. Leiden and Boston, Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardie, P. (2012) Rumour and Renown: Representations of Fama in Western Literature. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hope, V. (2000) Fighting for identity: the funerary commemoration of Italian gladiators. In Cooley, A.E. (ed.), The Epigraphic Landscape of Roman Italy: 93–113. London, Institute of Classical Studies.Google Scholar
Jacobelli, L. (2003) Gladiatori a Pompei: protagonisti, luoghi, immagini. Rome, L'Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Kellum, B. (1999) The spectacle of the street. In Bergmann, B. and Kondoleon, C. (eds), The Art of Ancient Spectacle (Studies in the History of Art #56): 283–99. Washington, DC, and London, Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kontokosta, A. (2021) Contests in context: gladiatorial inscriptions and graffiti. In Futrell, A. and Scanlon, T.F. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World: 330–41. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langner, M. (2001) Antike Graffitizeichnungen. Motive, Gestaltung und Bedeutung. Wiesbaden, Ludwig Reichert.Google Scholar
La Regina, A. (ed.) (2001) Sangue e Arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2002). Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Lohmann, P. (2018) Graffiti als Interaktionsform: geritzte Inschriften in den Wohnhäusern Pompejis. Berlin, De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Milnor, K. (2014) Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niccolini, F. (1986) Le case ed i monumenti di Pompei disegnati e descritti. Vol. IV. Naples, Franco di Mauro Editore.Google Scholar
Orlandi, S. (2001) I loca del Colosseo. In La Regina, A. (ed.), Sangue e Arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2002): 89–103. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Packer, J.E. (2003) Plurima et amplissima opera: parsing Flavian Rome. In Boyle, A.J. and Dominik, W.J. (eds), Flavian Rome. Culture, Image, Text: 167–98. Leiden and Boston, Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pesando, F. (2001) Gladiatori a Pompei. In Regina, A. La (ed.), Sangue e Arena. Catalogo della mostra (Roma, giugno 2001–gennaio 2022): 175–95. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Rea, R. (1993) Amphitheatrum. In Steinby, E.M. (ed.), Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae I: 30–5. Rome, Quasar.Google Scholar
Rimell, V. (2008) Martial’s Rome. Empire and the Ideology of Epigram. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sabbatini Tumolesi, P. (1988) Gli spettacoli anfiteatrali alla luce di alcune testimonianze epigrafiche. In Reggiani, A.M. (ed.), Anfiteatro Flavio: immagine, testimonianze, spettacoli: 91–9. Rome, Quasar.Google Scholar
Scheid, J. (1988) Commentarii fratrum Arvalium qui supersunt. Les copies épigraphiques des protocoles annuels de la confrérie arvale (21 av.–304 ap. J.-C.). Rome, École française de Rome: Soprintendenza archeologica di Roma.Google Scholar
Solin, H. (2020) Sulla documentazione epigrafica dell'istituzione gladiatoria a Pompei. Il caso di CIL IV 2508. In Sampaolo, V. (ed.), Gladiatori: 208–13. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Solin, H. and Itkonen-Kaila, M. (eds) (1966) Graffiti del Palatino: raccolti ed editi sotto la direzione di Veikko Väänänen. I. Paedagogium. Helsinki, Helsingfors.Google Scholar
Ville, G. (1981) La gladiature en occident des origines à la mort de Domitien. Rome, École française de Rome.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, R.E. (2005) An Introduction to Wall Inscriptions from Pompeii and Herculaneum. Wauconda, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (1996) Monumental writing and the expansion of Roman society in the early empire. The Journal of Roman Studies 86: 22–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar