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RODOLFO LANCIANI AND THE SOUTHWEST QUIRINAL: FROM EXCAVATION TO THE FORMA URBIS ROMAE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 August 2023

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Abstract

In 1885, during excavations on the southwest slope of the Quirinal Hill, two magnificent Hellenistic bronzes were discovered by Rodolfo Lanciani. Although Lanciani dated the burial of the bronzes to the era of the barbarian attacks on the city of Rome, here it will be argued that the bronzes may have been excavated elsewhere by clandestine diggers and then reburied on the Quirinal slope, in a stash of robbers’ loot. Utilizing newly located archival sources that shed fresh light on the excavation, and interrogating Lanciani's published accounts of it, this paper presents a case study of this small area of the hill. This leads in turn to an investigation of Lanciani's practice as a cartographer in plate XXII of his Forma Urbis Romae where the hillside was subsequently depicted. Plate XXII has a wider relevance for any user of the FUR because a close analysis of this one plate suggests that Lanciani's representation of the southwest Quirinal is dominated by a cartographic rhetoric. This is composed of significant omissions, obfuscations and graphic hierarchies all of which are employed to influence and manipulate the reader. It is argued that plate XXII of Lanciani's map is a persuasive rendering rather than a disinterested record of the ancient structures that were found buried there. This has significance for any reader of the FUR.

Nel 1885, durante scavi sulle pendici sud-ovest del Quirinale, due magnifici bronzi ellenistici sono state trovati da Rodolfo Lanciani. Infine, anche se Lanciani aveva datato sepoltura dei bronzi all'epoca degli attachi barbari sulla città nella tarda antichità, qui si sosterrà che la sepolture dei due bronzi potrebbe essere stata moderna. C’è una quantità di prove circostanziali che suggeriscono che i bronzi potrebbero stati scavati altrove da scavatori clandestini. Inoltre, è del tutto probabile che questi furono risepolti più di recente qui sul pendice del Quirinale in una scorta di bottino ladri. Utilizzando alcune fonti d'archivio recentemente ubicati che brillano luce fresca su questo scavo e interrogando il racconto pubblicato di Lanciani, questo scritto presenta un caso di studio di questa piccola parte della collina. Questo porta a sua volta ad un'indagine sulla pratica di Lanciani come cartografo nello tavola XXII della sua Forma Urbis Romae dove la collina è stata successivamente raffigurata. Nel Tavola XXII la raffigurazione di questa zona della collina è dominata da una retorica cartografica. Questo è composto da omissioni significative, offuscamenti e gerarchie degli elementi grafici, che servono a influenzare e manipolare il lettore. Tavola XXII si rivela essere un resoconto persuasivo piuttosto che un registro disinteressato delle antiche strutture rinvenute la. Questo studio di caso ha un'ampia rilevanza per qualsiasi utente della Forma Urbis Romae.

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Articles
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Copyright © British School at Rome 2023

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References

REFERENCES

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ACS = Archivio Centrale dello Stato, RomeGoogle Scholar
ASC = Archivio Storico CapitolinoGoogle Scholar
ASPA = Archivio Storico, Palazzo AltempsGoogle Scholar
ASV = Archivio Storico del VittorianoGoogle Scholar
BullCom = Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica di RomaGoogle Scholar
CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum LatinarumGoogle Scholar
INAIL = Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul LavoroGoogle Scholar
MPI = Ministero della Publica IstruzioneGoogle Scholar
NSc = Notizie degli Scavi di AntichitàGoogle Scholar
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Ambrogi, A. (2013b) 62. Statua del pugilatore seduto. In Gaspari, C. and Paris, R. (eds), Palazzo Massimo alle Terme. Le collezioni: 115–17. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Barnabei, M. and Delpino, F. (1991) (eds) Le ‘Memorie di un archeologo’ di Felice Barnabei. Rome, De Luca.Google Scholar
Belyen, B. (1992) Images of power: Derrida/Foucault/Harley. Cartographica 29.2: 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bienkowski, P. (1892) L. Cornelius Pusio. Mitteilungen des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung 7: 197203, pl. VI.Google Scholar
Borsari, L. (1888) Le mura e porte di Servio. Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 6: 1222.Google Scholar
Buonocore, M. (1997) Appunti di topografia romana nei Codici Lanciani della Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana II. Rome, Quasar.Google Scholar
Cesarano, A.L. (1987) R.109. Ritratto di L. Cornelio Pusio — NE (inv. n. 48134). In Giuliano, A. (ed.), Museo Nazionale Romano Le Sculture I, 9, Magazzini i ritratti / Pt I. Rome, De Luca.Google Scholar
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Dixon, S. (2021a) Archaeology on Shifting Ground: Rodolfo Lanciani and Rome 1871–1914. Rome, L'Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Dixon, S. (2021b) Rodolfo Lanciani and America. Classical World 114.4: 449–79.10.1353/clw.2021.0023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, S. (2021c) Rodolfo Lanciani's revenge. Journal of Art Historiography 24: 114.Google Scholar
Gatti, G. (1887) Fistole aquarie letterate. Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 15: 812.Google Scholar
Gatti, G. (1893) X Roma. Nuove scoperte nella città e nel surburbio. Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità: 237–40.Google Scholar
Gensheimer, M.B. (2018) Decoration and Display in Rome's Imperial Thermae. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, J.S. and Gordon, A.E. (1957) Contributions to the Palaeography of Latin Inscriptions. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
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Harley, J.B. and Laxton, P. (2001) The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
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Henzen, G. (1863) Scavi di Porta Prima. Bullettino dell'Istituto di Correspondenza archeologica 4: 71–8.Google Scholar
Heymans, E. (2013) The Bronze Boxer from the Quirinal revisited: a construction-related deposition of sculpture. BABESCH: Bulletin Antieke Beschaving 88: 229–44.Google Scholar
Hülsen, C. (1894) Zu Topographie des Quirinals. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 49: 379423.Google Scholar
Hülsen, C. (1895) Il tempio del Sole nella regione VII di Roma (Tav IV). Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 23: 3959.Google Scholar
Kragelund, P.M., Moltesen, M. and Østergaard, J.S. (2003) The Licinian Tomb: Fact or Fiction ? Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glypotek.Google Scholar
Lanciani, R. (1888) Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Lanciani, R. (1893–1901) Forma Urbis Romae. Milan, Hoepli.Google Scholar
Lanciani, R. (1899) The Destruction of Ancient Rome: A Sketch of the History of the Monuments. London/Boston, Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Lanciani, R. (1902–10) Storia degli scavi di Roma e notizie intorno le collezioni romane di antichità, 4 vols. Rome, Loescher.Google Scholar
Lanciani, R. [1885] (1988) Notes from Rome (ed. Cubberley, A.L.). Rome. Originally published in The Athenaeum. London, British School at Rome.Google Scholar
Monmonier, M. (1991) How to Lie with Maps. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Palombi, R. (2006) Rodolfo Lanciani: l'archeologia a Roma tra Ottocento e Novecento. Rome, L'Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Piccardo, A. (1929) Visita ai lavori della nuova sede della Casa Nazionale Infortuni. Bollettino Sindacato Provinciale Fascista Ingegneri di Roma 8.11: 100.Google Scholar
Pickles, J. (2004) A History of Spaces: Cartographic Reason, Mapping and the Geo-coded World. London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Rossini, L. (1828) I sette colle di Roma antica e moderna. Rome, privately printed.Google Scholar
Scott, D.A. (2002) Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colourants, Conservation. Los Angeles, The Getty Conservation Institute.Google Scholar
Tomassetti, G. (1885) Della campagna romana nel medio evo. Rome, Reale società di storia patria.Google Scholar
Tucci, P.L. (2019) Living on the Capitoline Hill: the Domus of the Aracoeli and its sculptural and painted decoration. Papers of the British School at Rome 87: 71144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyner, J. (1982) Persuasive cartography. Journal of Geography 81.4: 140–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tys[z]kiewicz, M. (1898) Memories of an Old Collector, trans. A. Lang. New York/Bombay, Longmans and Green.Google Scholar
Van Keuren, F., Trillmich, W., Trillmich, C., Ghezzi, A. and Anderson, A.C. (2003) Unpublished documents shed new light on the Licinian tombs discovered in 1884–1885. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 48: 53139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varner, E.R. (2004) Mutilation and Transformation. Damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture. Leiden, Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilucci, S. (1985) Terme di Costantino. Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 90: 77–8, 76, fig. 4.Google Scholar
Vilucci, S. (1986) Le Terme di Costantino sul Quirinale e gli edifici privati di età precedente. Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 91: 350–5.Google Scholar
Wood, D. (1992) The Power of Maps. New York, Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Wood, D (2002) The map as a kind of talk: Brian Harley and the confabulation of the inner and outer voice. Visual Communication 1.2: 139–61.10.1177/147035720200100201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D. (2010) Rethinking the Power of Maps. New York, Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Wood, D. and Fels, J. (1986) Designs on signs / myth and meaning in maps. Cartographica 23.3: 54103.10.3138/R831-50R3-7247-2124CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AA.BB.AA. = Antichità e Belle ArtiGoogle Scholar
ACS = Archivio Centrale dello Stato, RomeGoogle Scholar
ASC = Archivio Storico CapitolinoGoogle Scholar
ASPA = Archivio Storico, Palazzo AltempsGoogle Scholar
ASV = Archivio Storico del VittorianoGoogle Scholar
BullCom = Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica di RomaGoogle Scholar
CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum LatinarumGoogle Scholar
INAIL = Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul LavoroGoogle Scholar
MPI = Ministero della Publica IstruzioneGoogle Scholar
NSc = Notizie degli Scavi di AntichitàGoogle Scholar
Ambrogi, A. (2013a) 61. Statua del cd. principe ellenistico. In Gaspari, C. and Paris, R. (eds), Palazzo Massimo alle Terme. Le collezioni: 112–14. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Ambrogi, A. (2013b) 62. Statua del pugilatore seduto. In Gaspari, C. and Paris, R. (eds), Palazzo Massimo alle Terme. Le collezioni: 115–17. Milan, Electa.Google Scholar
Barnabei, M. and Delpino, F. (1991) (eds) Le ‘Memorie di un archeologo’ di Felice Barnabei. Rome, De Luca.Google Scholar
Belyen, B. (1992) Images of power: Derrida/Foucault/Harley. Cartographica 29.2: 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bienkowski, P. (1892) L. Cornelius Pusio. Mitteilungen des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung 7: 197203, pl. VI.Google Scholar
Borsari, L. (1888) Le mura e porte di Servio. Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 6: 1222.Google Scholar
Buonocore, M. (1997) Appunti di topografia romana nei Codici Lanciani della Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana II. Rome, Quasar.Google Scholar
Cesarano, A.L. (1987) R.109. Ritratto di L. Cornelio Pusio — NE (inv. n. 48134). In Giuliano, A. (ed.), Museo Nazionale Romano Le Sculture I, 9, Magazzini i ritratti / Pt I. Rome, De Luca.Google Scholar
Dixon, S. (2016) Rodolfo Lanciani's dismissal. Bulletin of the History of Archaeology 26.1: Art. 8. http://doi.org/10.5334/bha-592 (last accessed 22 May 2023).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, S. (2021a) Archaeology on Shifting Ground: Rodolfo Lanciani and Rome 1871–1914. Rome, L'Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Dixon, S. (2021b) Rodolfo Lanciani and America. Classical World 114.4: 449–79.10.1353/clw.2021.0023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, S. (2021c) Rodolfo Lanciani's revenge. Journal of Art Historiography 24: 114.Google Scholar
Gatti, G. (1887) Fistole aquarie letterate. Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 15: 812.Google Scholar
Gatti, G. (1893) X Roma. Nuove scoperte nella città e nel surburbio. Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità: 237–40.Google Scholar
Gensheimer, M.B. (2018) Decoration and Display in Rome's Imperial Thermae. Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, J.S. and Gordon, A.E. (1957) Contributions to the Palaeography of Latin Inscriptions. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Harley, J.B. (1988) Maps, knowledge and power. In Cosgrove, D. and Daniels, S. (eds), The Iconography of Landscape: 5281. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harley, J.B. (1989) Deconstructing the map. Cartographica 26: 120.10.3138/E635-7827-1757-9T53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harley, J.B. and Laxton, P. (2001) The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hartswick, K.B. (2004) The Gardens of Sallust: A Changing Landscape. Austin, University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Hemingway, S. (2013) The Boxer: an ancient masterpiece comes to the Met. https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/now-at-the-met/features/2013/the-boxer (last accessed 27 May 2023).Google Scholar
Hemingway, S. (2015) Contexts of discovery. In Daehner, J. and Lapatin, K. (eds), Power and Pathos: Bronze Sculpture of the Hellenistic World. Exhibition catalogue: 60–7. Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum.Google Scholar
Henzen, G. (1863) Scavi di Porta Prima. Bullettino dell'Istituto di Correspondenza archeologica 4: 71–8.Google Scholar
Heymans, E. (2013) The Bronze Boxer from the Quirinal revisited: a construction-related deposition of sculpture. BABESCH: Bulletin Antieke Beschaving 88: 229–44.Google Scholar
Hülsen, C. (1894) Zu Topographie des Quirinals. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 49: 379423.Google Scholar
Hülsen, C. (1895) Il tempio del Sole nella regione VII di Roma (Tav IV). Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 23: 3959.Google Scholar
Kragelund, P.M., Moltesen, M. and Østergaard, J.S. (2003) The Licinian Tomb: Fact or Fiction ? Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glypotek.Google Scholar
Lanciani, R. (1888) Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Lanciani, R. (1893–1901) Forma Urbis Romae. Milan, Hoepli.Google Scholar
Lanciani, R. (1899) The Destruction of Ancient Rome: A Sketch of the History of the Monuments. London/Boston, Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Lanciani, R. (1902–10) Storia degli scavi di Roma e notizie intorno le collezioni romane di antichità, 4 vols. Rome, Loescher.Google Scholar
Lanciani, R. [1885] (1988) Notes from Rome (ed. Cubberley, A.L.). Rome. Originally published in The Athenaeum. London, British School at Rome.Google Scholar
Monmonier, M. (1991) How to Lie with Maps. Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Palombi, R. (2006) Rodolfo Lanciani: l'archeologia a Roma tra Ottocento e Novecento. Rome, L'Erma di Bretschneider.Google Scholar
Piccardo, A. (1929) Visita ai lavori della nuova sede della Casa Nazionale Infortuni. Bollettino Sindacato Provinciale Fascista Ingegneri di Roma 8.11: 100.Google Scholar
Pickles, J. (2004) A History of Spaces: Cartographic Reason, Mapping and the Geo-coded World. London, Routledge.Google Scholar
Rossini, L. (1828) I sette colle di Roma antica e moderna. Rome, privately printed.Google Scholar
Scott, D.A. (2002) Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colourants, Conservation. Los Angeles, The Getty Conservation Institute.Google Scholar
Tomassetti, G. (1885) Della campagna romana nel medio evo. Rome, Reale società di storia patria.Google Scholar
Tucci, P.L. (2019) Living on the Capitoline Hill: the Domus of the Aracoeli and its sculptural and painted decoration. Papers of the British School at Rome 87: 71144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyner, J. (1982) Persuasive cartography. Journal of Geography 81.4: 140–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tys[z]kiewicz, M. (1898) Memories of an Old Collector, trans. A. Lang. New York/Bombay, Longmans and Green.Google Scholar
Van Keuren, F., Trillmich, W., Trillmich, C., Ghezzi, A. and Anderson, A.C. (2003) Unpublished documents shed new light on the Licinian tombs discovered in 1884–1885. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 48: 53139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varner, E.R. (2004) Mutilation and Transformation. Damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture. Leiden, Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vilucci, S. (1985) Terme di Costantino. Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 90: 77–8, 76, fig. 4.Google Scholar
Vilucci, S. (1986) Le Terme di Costantino sul Quirinale e gli edifici privati di età precedente. Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma 91: 350–5.Google Scholar
Wood, D. (1992) The Power of Maps. New York, Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Wood, D (2002) The map as a kind of talk: Brian Harley and the confabulation of the inner and outer voice. Visual Communication 1.2: 139–61.10.1177/147035720200100201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, D. (2010) Rethinking the Power of Maps. New York, Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Wood, D. and Fels, J. (1986) Designs on signs / myth and meaning in maps. Cartographica 23.3: 54103.10.3138/R831-50R3-7247-2124CrossRefGoogle Scholar