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Genetic exchange and evolutionary relationships in protozoan and helminth parasites

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

A. Tait
A. Tait
Affiliation:
Wellcome Unit of Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH
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Summary

The study of genetic exchange systems and the use of genetic analysis has been relatively limited in parasites leading to considerable gaps in our basic knowledge. This lack of knowledge makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions as to how these systems evolved. An additional problem is also raised by the difficulties in defining evolutionary distances particularly with the unicellular protozoa, using classical ultrastructural and cytological criteria. While these difficulties have by no means been overcome, the use of rapid sequencing techniques applied to the ribosomal genes has allowed measurement of evolutionary distances, and considerable advances in our understanding of the genetic exchange systems in a few parasitic protozoa have recently been made. The conclusions from these recent sets of analyses are reviewed and then examined together in order to discuss the evolution of genetic exchange systems in parasitic protozoa. The evolutionary distances defined by ribosome sequence analysis show that parasites are an extremely divergent group, with distances which, in some cases, are orders of magnitude greater than the distances between mammals and fish; furthermore these studies suggest that the parasitic protozoa or their free-living ancestors are extremely ancient. These findings support the view that parasitism has occurred independently many times and that the parasitic life-style has been adopted by evolutionarily distinct groups. The recent observation of a non-obligatory genetic exchange system in the diploid but evolutionarily ancient kinetoplastid Trypanosoma brucei suggests that diploidy and meiosis are extremely old. The observation, in parasitic protozoa and helminths, that selfing or non-obligatory mating is a common feature suggests that these processes may be strategies to overcome the cost of meiosis. In this context, the question of what selective forces maintain genetic exchange is discussed.

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 100 , Issue S1: Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology Volume 27:The evolutionary biology of parasitism , June 1990 , pp. S75 - S87
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

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