Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-tdptf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-09T14:53:33.187Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Development and survival of Theileria parva parva in Rhipicephalus appendiculatus exposed in the Trans-Mara, Kenya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

A. S. Young ,
B. L. Leitch ,
S. P. Morzaria ,
A. D. Irvin ,
P. L. Omwoyo  and
J. J. De Castro
A. S. Young
Affiliation:
Veterinary Research Department, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Muguga, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu, Kenya
B. L. Leitch
Affiliation:
Veterinary Research Department, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Muguga, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu, Kenya
S. P. Morzaria
Affiliation:
International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
A. D. Irvin
Affiliation:
International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
P. L. Omwoyo
Affiliation:
Veterinary Research Department, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Muguga, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu, Kenya
J. J. De Castro
Affiliation:
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Nymphal Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Trans-Mara) were fed on a steer infected with a Theileria parva parva (Kilae 1) stock isolated from an indigenous steer in the Trans-Mara Division, Kenya, which had a high piroplasm parasitaemia. A total of 5000 engorged nymphs which had dropped on one day were enclosed in elongated nylon bolting silk tubes in groups of 200–300 and were transported immediately to the Trans-Mara where they were suspended vertically in the grass cover with one end touching the ground. Over 98% of the nymphs moulted into adult ticks and 50% moult occurred by day 28 after exposure. The ticks showed over 80% survival up to 308 days post-exposure but thereafter showed a marked mortality so that only 22·5 % of the ticks were alive after 439 days. Theileria parasites were detected in the salivary glands by day 35 post-exposure and infection rates and levels increased markedly between 180 and 235 days post-exposure. Thereafter, the infection rates and levels generally decreased. Groups of ticks were triturated and the resultant supernatant fluid inoculated into pairs of susceptible cattle, and these proved infective from day 44 to 145 after exposure. Three subsequent attempts to induce infections with supernatant fluid were unsuccessful. From 294 days after exposure, groups of 50 ticks were applied to cattle and caused lethal T. p. parva infections up to 439 days post-exposure. Climatic observations showed a relatively even monthly rainfall as well as mean maximum and minimum monthly temperatures. Clean nymphal R. appendiculatus were applied to a steer infected by adult ticks exposed for 405 days and the resultant adults were incubated at 37 °C for 6 days. Supernatant fluid produced from these ticks caused a lethal T. parva infection in a susceptible steer.

Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 94 , Issue 3 , June 1987 , pp. 433 - 441
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allsopp, B. A., Gibson, W. C. & Stagg, D. A. (1985). Characterization of some East African Theileria species isolates by isoenzyme analysis, with particular reference to T. parva. International Journal for Parasitology 15, 272–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailey, K. P. (1960). Notes on the rearing of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and their infection with Theileria parva for experimental transmission. Bulletin of Epizootic Diseases of Africa 8, 33–43.Google Scholar
Barnett, S. F. (1968). Theileriosis. In Infectious Blood Diseases of Man and Animals (ed. Weinmann, D. and Ristic, M.), pp. 269–328. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Burridge, M. J. & Kimber, C. D. (1972). The indirect fluorescent antibody test for experimental East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection of cattle): Evaluation of a cell culture schizont antigen. Research in Veterinary Science 13, 452–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dallwitz, M., Young, A. S., Mahoney, D. F. & Sutherst, R. W. (1986). Comparative epidemiology of tick-borne diseases with special emphasis on modelling. In Parasitology Quo Vadit (ed. Howell, M. J.), pp. 629–37. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science.Google Scholar
Dolan, T. T., Linyonyi, A., Mbogo, S. K. & Young, A. S. (1984). A comparison of long-acting oxytetracycline and parvaquone for immunization against East Coast fever by infection and treatment. Research in Veterinary Science 37, 175–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fawcett, D. W., Young, A. S. & Leitch, B. L. (1985). Sporogony in Theileria (Apicomplexa: Theileriidae): a comparative ultrastructural study. Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology 17, 192–208.Google Scholar
Irvin, A. D. & Mwamachi, P. M. (1983). Clinical and diagnostic features of East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection of cattle). Veterinary Record 133, 192–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, E. A. (1950). Conditions affecting the East Coast fever parasites in the tick and in cattle. East African Agricultural Journal 16, 65–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, E. A. & Fotheringham, W. (1941). The transmission of Theileria parva by ticks. Parasitology 33, 251–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, H. M., Barnett, S. F. & Vidler, B. O. (1964). Cyclic development and longevity of Theileria parva in the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Experimental Parasitology 15, 527–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minami, T., Spooner, P. R., Irvin, A. D., Ocama, J. G. R., Dobbelaere, D. A. E. & Fujinaga, T. (1983). Characterization of stocks of Theileria parva by monoclonal antibody profiles. Research in Veterinary Science 35, 334–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moll, G., Lohding, A. & Young, A. S. (1984). Epidemiology of theileriosis in the Trans-Mara Division, Kenya, husbandry and disease background and preliminary observation in theileriosis in calves. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2, 801–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moll, G., Lohding, A., Young, A. S. & Leitch, B. L. (1986). Epidemiology of theileriosis in calves in an endemic area of Kenya. Veterinary Parasitology 19, 255–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morzaria, S. P., Irvin, A. D., Taracha, E., Spooner, P. R., Voigt, W. P., Fujinaga, T. & Katende, J. (1987). Immunization against East Coast fever: the use of selected stocks of Theileria parva for immunization of cattle exposed to field challenge. Veterinary Parasitology (in the Press).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newson, R. M., Cheira, J. W., Young, A. S., Dolan, T. T., Cunningham, M. P. & Radley, D. E. (1984). Survival of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acarina: Ixodidae) and persistence of Theileria parva (Apicomplexa: Theileriidae) in the field. International Journal for Parasitology 14, 483–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purnell, R. E., Brown, C. G. D., Cunningham, M. P., Burridge, M. J., Kirimi, I. M. & Ledger, M. A. (1973). East Coast fever: correlation between morphology and infectivity of Theileria parva developing in its tick vector. Parasitology 66, 539–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schein, E., Warnecke, M. & Kirmse, P. (1977). Development of Theileria parva (Theiler, 1904) in the gut of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann, 1901). Parasitology 75, 309–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, A. S. (1985). Immunization of cattle against theileriosis in the Trans-Mara Division of Kenya. In Immunization against Theileriosis in Africa (ed. Irvin, A. D.), pp. 64–8. Nairobi: ILRAD.Google Scholar
Young, A. S. & Grootenhuis, J. G. (1985). Influence of wildlife on the immunization of cattle theileriosis in East Africa. In Immunization against Theileriosis in Africa (ed. Irvin, A. D.), pp. 104–9. Nairobi: ILRAD.Google Scholar
Young, A. S. & Leitch, B. L. (1981). Epidemiology of East Coast fever: some effects of temperature on the development of Theileria parva in the tick. Parasitology 83, 199–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, A. S., Leitch, B. L., Dolan, T. T., Newson, R. M., Ngumi, P. N. & Omwoyo, P. L. (1983). Transmission of Theileria parva by a population of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus under simulated natural conditions. Parasitology 86, 255–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, A. S., Leitch, B. L. & Mutugi, J. J. (1984). Some factors controlling the stimulation of sporogony of Theileria parva in its tick vector, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. International Journal for Parasitology 14, 97–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, A. S., Leitch, B. L. & Newson, R. M. (1981). The occurrence of a Theileria parva carrier state in cattle from an East Coast fever endemic area of Kenya. In Advances in the Control of Theileriosis (ed. Irvin, A. D., Cunningham, M. P. and Young, A. S.), pp. 60–62. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, A. S., Leitch, B. L., Newson, R. M. & Cunningham, M. P. (1986). Maintenance of Theileria parva infection in an endemic area of Kenya. Parasitology 93, 9–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, A. S., Leitch, B. L. & Omwoyo, P. L. (1979). Induction of the infective stages of Theileria parva by exposure of host ticks to high temperatures. Veterinary Record 105, 531–3.Google Scholar
Young, A. S., Leitch, B. L., Stagg, D. A. & Dolan, T. T. (1983). Identification of Theileria infections in living salivary gland of ticks. Parasitology 86, 519–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, A. S., Purnell, R. E., Kimber, C. D. & Payne, R. C. (1975). Correlation between morphology and infectivity of Theileria lawrencei developing in the tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Parasitology 71, 27–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed