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Impersonal Haber in Old Spanish

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2020

William T. Starr
William T. Starr*
Affiliation:
Northwestern University
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Extract

In a study of the use of the verb haber as an impersonal expression of existence, it was found that the twelfth-century Spanish of the Poema de mío Cid tended not to use the locative adverb y in the present tense, contrary to present usage, and to retain it in other tenses. It was also found that the language tended to place the y before the verb.

Type
Research Article
Information
PMLA , Volume 62 , Issue 1 , March 1947 , pp. 9 - 31
Copyright
Copyright © Modern Language Association of America, 1947

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References

1 W. T. Starr, “Hay in the Poema de mío Cid,” in Three Studies in Philology, University of Oregon Monographs, Studies in Literature and Philology, No. 1 (1939).

2 R. Menéndez Pidal, Cantar de mío Cid, 3 vols. (Madrid: Imprenta de Bailly-Baillière e hijos, 1908). Vol. ii.

3 Published by R. Menéndez Pidal in Revista de Filología Española, v (1917), 105-204. No examples were found.

4 Published by Lidforss in Jahrbuch für romanische und englische Literatur, xii (1871), 44-59.

5 Documentos lingüísticos de España, (Madrid: Centro de Estudios Históricos, 1919); vol. i, Reino de Castilla.

6 See J. M. Octavio, “Visión de Filiberto,” Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, ii (1878), 40-69. He publishes the Visión de Filiberto contained in the manuscript from the Cabildo de la Iglesia Catedral de Toledo, following a fragment of the Arcipreste de Hita. The Visión de Filiberto is found from the verso of folio 126 to folio 138, and was written in the fourteenth century. With this he publishes the Disputa entre el alma y el cuerpo, thirteenth century, from the manuscript Oña-iv.-380, and two others from manuscripts of the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, No. 313 and No. 320, of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and a Revelación de un Hermitaño (same subject) from the Escorial manuscript b-iv.-21, of the fourteenth century.

7 Edition Hayward Keniston, in Elliott Monographs in the Romance Languages and Literatures, 16 (Princeton University Press, 1924).

8 Edited by R. Menéndez Pidal, Revue Hispanique, xiii (1905), 602-623.

9 Edition J. D. Firtzgerald (Paris, 1904).

10 Edition Solalinde (Clásicos Castellanos). (Madrid: ed. de ‘La Lectura,‘ 1922).

11 Edition C. C. Marden (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1917).

12 Edition Janer, in the Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, lvii, and the edition conforme al códice del Escorial, published by the Tipografia “L'Avenç (Barcelona, n.d.).

13 Edition Raymond S. Willis, in Elliott Monographs in the Romance Languages and Literatures, 32 (Princeton University Press, 1934).

14 Edition C. C. Marden (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1904).

15 Fuero de Lorca otorgado por D. Alfonso X El Sabio, published by José Maria Campay, 2d. ed. (Toledo: Rafael G. Menor, 1913).

16 Published by Rafael de Ureña y Smenjaud and Adolfo Bonillo y San Martin (Madrid: Hijos de Reus, 1907).

17 Américo Castro, “Unos aranceles de Aduanas del siglo xiii,” Revista de Filologia Española, viii (1921), 1-29.

18 Edition Américo Castro and Federico de Onís, Fueros Leoneses, i, Textos. (Madrid: Publications of the Centro de Estudios Históricos, 1916).

19 Published by R. Menéndez Pidal, Revista de Filología Española, i (1914), 52-97.

20 Edition Janer, in the Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, lvii.

21 Published by A. Morel Fatio, “Textes castillanes inédits,” Romania, xvi (1887), 364-382.

22 Fueros de Aragón, segun el manuscrito 458 …, published by Gunner Tilander, (Oxford University Press, 1937).

23 Edition J. Ducamin (Toulouse, 1901).

24 Edition Knust (Leipzig: Seele & Co., 1900).

25 Edition Janer, in the Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, lvii.

26 See Octavio in Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie.

27 Octavio, loc. cit.

28 Published by Gunnar Tilander, Revista de Filología Española, xxii (1935), 1-33, 113-152.

29 Edition Bourland, Revue Hispanique, xxiv (1911), 310-357.

30 Poema de mío Cid, i, 134, and iii under y.

31 Cid, i, 208.

32 E. B. Place, “Causes of the Failure of Old Spanish y and en to survive,” Romanic Review, xxi (1930), 223 ff.

33 Staaf, “Contribution à la syntaxe du pronom personnel dans le Poème du Cid,” Romanische forschungen, xxiii (1906), 621 fi.

34 Fueros de Aragón, Introducción, p. lxxiii.

35 Staat, loc. cit.

36 Cantar de mío Cid, i, 205.

37 Gessner, “Das spanische Personalpronomen,” Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, xvii (1893), 1-54.

38 The number of examples of y in the Cid in this paragraph is not the same as in Professor Place's article. I have not included in the study of y the cases in which it is used with impersonal haber. Staaf, op. cit., cites all these except vv. 1779, and 1835.

39 For the study of y, only half of the text of the Lucanor was read (to page 149, Exemplo xxxiii, and examples are taken only from MS S.

40 Finding avia y in P and avia in O (1385d compound numbering), y ha in P, and ay in O (294a compound numbering), the writer deemed it preferable, in order to determine accurately the extent of the use of each form, to treat each MS as a distinct unit. There are two for the Alexandre, three of the Buen amor, and five of the Lucanor. Although the numbers are larger, the ratios should still be valid.

41 Not including the twelve examples with allí.