^{Note 1 in page 74} John Rastell, The Nature of The Four Elements (London: Tudor Facsimile Texts, 1908). No pagination.

^{Note 2 in page 74} See H. R. Palmer, List of English Editions and Translations of Greek and Latin Classics Printed Before 1641 (London, 1911); C.H. Conley, The First English Translators of the Classics (New Haven, 1927); H. B. Lathrop, Translations from the Classics into English from Caxton to Chapman (Madison, 1933).

^{Note 3 in page 74} The date of the play's composition is discussed by Fred. S. Boas in Introduction to Tudor Drama (Oxford, 1933) p. 8. See also, A. W. Reed, Early Tudor Drama (Oxford, 1926).

^{Note 4 in page 74} Bartholomaeus Anglicus, De Proprietatibus Rerum trans. John de Trevisa, Concerning the Properties of Things (Westminster: Wynken de Worde, ca. 1495).

^{Note 5 in page 74} Image Du Monde trans. W. Caxton, Mirrour of the World (London: W. Caxton, ca. 1490).

^{Note 6 in page 74} The following is a list of the more important translations: Euclid, Liber Elementorum three; Strabo, Geographia eight: Aristotle, complete works three, and his separate works thirty-six: Proclus, De Sphaera three; Ptolemy, Cosmographia five, Geographia six, and Almagest one. The number of editions of Latin works is as follows: Pliny, Historia Naturalis fifteen; Sacrobosco, Tractatus Sphaerae sixteen: Albertus Magnus, shorter works on natural science seventeen; Vincent de Beauvais, Speculum three. Cf. J. Grasse, Tresor de Livres Rares Et Precieux (London, 1859); W. A. Copinger, A Supplement to Hain's Repetorium Bibliographicum (London, 1895); S. V. Panzer, Annales Typographici (Nurnberg, 1793–1803). See also, the catalogue of the library of Christopher Columbus, which lists 4231 books and mss. compiled by his son, Ferdinand. Catalogue of the Library of Ferdinand Columbus facsimile A. M. Huntington (New York, 1905); and El Bibliotheca Colombino Catalogo ed. Servando Arboli y Farvando (Seville, 1888) Vols. i-vi. For an account of the 1515 edition of the Almagest and the importance of Gerard de Cremona's Preface see Karl Young, “Chaucer's Aphorisms from Ptolemy” SP, xxxiv, 1–7.

^{Note 7 in page 75} Op. cit.

^{Note 8 in page 75} See E. G. Taylor, “Catalogue of Geographical Works” Tudor Geography 1485–1583 (London: Methuen, 1930), Appendix i, p. 171.

^{Note 9 in page 75} A bibliography of Sacrobosco's important work Tractatus de Sphaera (ca. 1250) has been compiled by Otto Harrassowitz. He lists three mss. from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; nine prints from the fifteenth century, and thirty printed editions from 1470 to 1626. Sixteen editions of the work appeared between 1488–1519, usually with additions and under various titles, De Sphaera; Opus sphaericum figuris, etc.; Sphaericum Opusculum. See, Otto Harrassowitz, Bibliography of Tractatus de Sphaera (Leipzig, 1922).

^{Note 10 in page 75} A list of the Editions of the Margarita Philosophica 1510–99 ed. Wilberforce-Eames (New York: N.Y.P.L., 1886) gives an account of each edition and also, the pirated editions printed by the Strasburg printer, John Gruninger.

^{Note 11 in page 75} The life and works of Waldseemüller are best treated in D'Avezac-Macaya's Martin Hylacomylus Waltzemüller, Ses Ourvages et Ses Collaborateurs (Paris, 1867). Besides the Cosmographiae Introductio Waldseemüller wrote a treatise on architecture and perspective for Gruninger's 1508 and 1511 pirated editions of Reisch's Margarita Philosophica. His other works are Instructio Manuductionem Praestans, etc. (1511), and an edition of Ptolemy's Geographia (1513–20) both published in Strassburg.

^{Note 12 in page 75} C. F. Tucker Brooke, The Tudor Drama (New York:Houghton Mifflin, 1911).

^{Note 13 in page 75} Op. cit.

^{Note 14 in page 75} Op. cit.

^{Note 15 in page 76} Johannes Sacrobosco, Textus de Sphaera (Paris: Henricus Stephanus, 1511), cap. secundum.

^{Note 16 in page 77} Gregorius Reisch, Margarita Philosophica (Strasburg: J. Gruninger, 1508), Liber viii, ca. xxxiii.

^{Note 17 in page 77} Op. cit.

^{Note 18 in page 78} Image du Monde ed. O. H. Prior (London: Early Eng. Text Soc., 1912), p. 57.

^{Note 19 in page 78} Op. cit.

^{Note 20 in page 78} In the Preface to the Mirrour, Caxton declares that “the universal erthe hangeth in the myddle of the same (firmament).”

^{Note 21 in page 78} Op. cit., cap. quintum.

^{Note 22 in page 78} Op. cit.

^{Note 23 in page 79} Ibid.

^{Note 24 in page 79} Op. cit., Liber vii, Trac. I, cap. xlviiii.

^{Note 25 in page 79} Op. cit. p. 33.

^{Note 26 in page 79} Op. cit.

^{Note 27 in page 80} Liber VII, cap. xlii. M. E. Borish points out this parallel in “Sources and Intentions of the Four Elements” SP xxxv, pp. 149–163. He does not, however, note that Sacrobosco uses the same example of the ship to prove his point. Cf. Textus de Sphaera op. cit., cap. sextum. The chapter heading is “De aqua sit rotunda.”

^{Note 28 in page 80} Op. cit.

^{Note 29 in page 81} In 1900 Prof. J. Fischer, S.J. discovered a copy of the long lost Waldseemüller map in the library of the Castle Wolfegg in Wurtemburg. See Martin Waldseemüller, Cosmographiae Introduction facsimile Introduction by J. Fisher, S.J. and Rev. Franz Von Weiser, ed. Chas. G. Herbermann (New York: U. S. Cat. Hist. Soc., 1907). The globe gores which have been attributed to Waldseemüller by Fischer, de Varnhagen, and Gallois are in the Hauslab-Liechtenstein Collection at Vienna. The markings on the gores agree in every detail with Waldseemüller's statements concerning the differences between his map “in solido quam plano.” Waldseemüller, op. cit. Intro, by Fischer, Chap, iv, pp. 23–30; F. A. de Varnhagen, Jos. Schoner o P. Apianus (Bienewitz): Influencia de um o outro e de varios de seus contemporaneos (Vienna, 1872) p. 47; L. Gallois, Les Geographes allemands de la Renaissance (Paris, 1890) p. 48.

^{Note 30 in page 81} Prof. Fred. S. Boas, when a guest professor at Columbia University (1935), read this paper at one of his lectures and remarked that he was convinced after studying the parallels and closely examining Waldsemüller's map, that Rastell was greatly indebted to the cosmographer for his data.

^{Note 31 in page 81} Op. cit. p. xxv. Waldseemüller explains further, “Nunc verso et haec partes sunt latius lustratae et aha quarta pars per Americum Vesputium (ut in sequentibus audietur) inventa est quam non video cur quis jure vetet ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenii viro Amerigen quasi Americi terram, sive Americam dicendam: cum et Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua fortita sint nomina. Ejus situm et gentis mores ex bis binis Americi navigationibus quae sequuntur liquide intelligi datur” p. xxx.

^{Note 32 in page 81} Op. cit.

^{Note 33 in page 81} Cosmographiae Introductio

Horizon (quem finitorem quoque dicunt) est sphaerae circulus major superius hemisphaerium ... ab inferiori dividens. Estque is in quem sub divo consistentium circumducentiumque oculos videtur obtutus deficere: qui et partem coeli visam a non visa dirimere cernitur. Op. cit. p. xi. Poli... sunt puncta coeli axem terminantia ita fixa ut numquam moveantur sed perpetuo eodem loco maneant. Ibid. p. vii. (Quadrans) Cujus hic est usus: Verte eum ita ut per pinnularum foramina polum directe videas et ad quod clima atque in quem gradum perpendiculum ceciderit eo ipso climate et elevationis gradu tua regio quinetiam zenith atque borizontis centrum existit.

Four Elements

The sercle partynge the yerth and skye As ye loke streyght with your eye, Which is called your oryson.

Op. cit.

Ye see the North Staree in the skye

Mark well ye shall benethe it spy

That ever it doth remove.

But this I assure you if you go

Northwarde an hundreth myle or two

Ye shall thynke it ryseth

And how that it is nere aproched The poynt over the top of your head Which is callyd your zenyth.

Op. cit.

Ibid. p. xxxviii.

^{Note 34 in page 82} The stage direction earlier in the play, “Hic intrat... Studious Desire portans fyguram,” suggests a globe rather than a map, however, Waldseemüller's map was of such large proportions and being made of wood, it could be described as a “fygure.” In Fr. Fischer's description of it, he writes, “Although Waldseemüller in the Cosmographiae Introductio remarks that his map is of larger dimensions than the globe ... the newly found original print nevertheless caused a sensation on account of its impressive size, abundant contents, and the artistic merit of its adornment. The map consists of twelve sections engraved on wood, and is arranged in three zones, each of which contains four sections. Each section measures to its edge 4.5×62 cm. (18×24 ½in.). The map, covering thus a space of three square meters—about 36 square feet—represents the earth's form in a modified Ptolemaid coniform projection with curved meridians.” Waldseemüller op. cit. Intro. pp. 16–17. See also Chas. G. Herbermann, “The Waldseemüller Map of 1507” Eist. Records and Studies (U. S. Catholic Hist. Soc., 1904) vol. 3, pp. 320–342.

^{Note 35 in page 82} Op. cit.

^{Note 36 in page 82} Op. cit. pp. xxxvii-xxxviii.

^{Note 37 in page 83} Waldseemüller discarded his belief that Vespucci discovered the new world and did not use the name America on his Carta Marina (1515). See The Oldest Map bearing the name America of the year 1507 and the Carta Marina of the year 1516 by Marlin Waldseemüller ed. Jos. Fischer, S.J. and Rev. Franz von Weiser (Innsbruck: Wagner's Univ. Press, 1903) p. 33. A thousand copies of the Map were printed by 1508. Waldseemüller wrote to his friend Ringman, “Cum dis diebus Bachanalibus solatìi causa, qui mihi mos est, in Germaniam venissem e Gallia: seu potius ex Vogesi oppido, cui nomen Sancto Deo dato, ubi ut nostri meo potissimum ductu labore, licet plerique alii falso sibi passim ascribant, Cosmographiam universalem tarn solidam quam planam non sine gloria et laude per orbem disseminatam nuper composuimus: depinximus: et impressimus.” D'Avezac-Macaya, op. cit., pp. 109–110.

^{Note 38 in page 83} The line italicized in the passage below.

^{Note 39 in page 84} Op. cit. Though the evidence is fairly conclusive that Rastell used the (1507) Map' M. E. Borish writes in “Sources and Intentions of The Four Elements” SP, xxxv, pp. 149–163, “There is nothing in the Cosmographiae Introductio ... to support Harrisse's suggestion (Henry Harrisse, John Cabot The Discoverer of North America [London: 1896] p. 166) that this work was used by the dramatist.” Prof. Borish claims that Rastell used Reisch's map, Typus universalis terrae included in the (1515) edition of the Margarita Philosophica. The crudely drawn north American continent on this map is inscribed “Zoana Mela.” And the south American continent is marked “Paria sev Prisilia, Caput s. crucis, Boceia.” The text on the reverse of the map reads “Nova terrae descriptio; Nova terrae succincta descriptio.” Then follows the short description: “Omnium terrae ambitum ad coeli spatium puncti obtinere rationem Astronomicis demonstrationibus constat. Ita ut si ad coelestis globi magnitudinam conferatur et nihil spacii prorsus breve indicetur.” G. Reisch, Margarita Philosophica (Argentoraco: J. Gruninger, 1515). Prof. G. B. Parks in “The Geography of the Interlude of the Four Elements” PQ, xxvii, pp. 251–262 claims that Rastell's map is lost, and he believes it must have lacked a South American continent.

^{Note 40 in page 84} F. S. Boas, op. cit., p. 8.

^{Note 41 in page 84} The letter De Insulis which Columbus wrote to his patron Gabriel Sanchez, describing his first voyage to the new world was printed in Seville in 1493. H. Harrisse in the Bib. Vetustissima Americana (New York: 1866) lists sixteen editions between 1493–95. It was popular throughout Europe, and particularly in Germany. Johannes Stamler in a letter to Jacob Locher, prefixed to the former's Dyalogus (Augustensis: E. Oglin and G. Nadler, 1507) quotes Columbus opening sentence almost verbatim:

Columbus

De insulis Indiae supra Gangem nuper inventis. Harrisse, op. cit.

Stamler

Scripsisti nuper ut de insulis super Gangem dudum inventis ... certiorem redderem. Op. cit.

See writer's article “Johannes Stamler's Dyalogus” PMLA, liii, 989–997. For a complete bibliography of Vespucci's works see Sabin, 99327–99383c. This section was prepared by Dr. Wilberforce Eames. The Cabots discoveries on the North American continent are described by Peter Martire, De Rebus Oceanicis et Orbe novo (Seville, 1515); also Harrisse, John Cabot, op. cit.

^{Note 42 in page 85} Brooke, op. cit., pp. 73–74.

^{Note 43 in page 85} Op. cit.

^{Note 44 in page 85} Waldseemüller, op. cit., p. lxvii.

^{Note 45 in page 85} Ibid., pp. xciv-scv.

^{Note 46 in page 85} Waldseemüller, op. cit., p. xxxvi.

^{Note 47 in page 86} Ibid., p. liii.

^{Note 48 in page 86} Op. cit.

^{Note 49 in page 86} Ibid.

^{Note 50 in page 86} Waldseemüller, op. cit., p. liii.

^{Note 51 in page 86} Op. cit.

^{Note 52 in page 86} Waldseemüller, op. cit., p. lxxxi.

^{Note 53 in page 86} Op. cit.

^{Note 54 in page 86} Waldseemüller, op. cit., p. xlix.

^{Note 55 in page 87} Op. cit., reverse of chart facing p. xxviii.

^{Note 56 in page 87} Op. cit.

^{Note 57 in page 87} Op. cit.

^{Note 58 in page 87} Op. cit. Liber quartus.

^{Note 59 in page 87} Op. cit., p. 109.

^{Note 60 in page 87} Ibid., p. 110.

^{Note 61 in page 87} Ibid.

^{Note 62 in page 88} Op. cit.

^{Note 63 in page 88} Op cit., pp. 145–146.

^{Note 64 in page 88} Op. cit., p. 117.

^{Note 65 in page 88} Op. cit.

^{Note 66 in page 88} Op. cit., p. 122.