Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T14:57:14.006Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

‘The saddest time of my life’: relocating the Ahiarmiut from Ennadai Lake (1950–1958)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 September 2009

Frédéric Laugrand ,
Jarich Oosten  and
David Serkoak
Frédéric Laugrand
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Centre Interuniversitaire d'Études et de Recherches Autochtones, Laval University, Ste-Foy, G1K 7P4, Québec, Canada (Frederic.Laugrand@ant.ulaval.ca)
Jarich Oosten
Affiliation:
Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 Ak Leiden, Netherlands
David Serkoak
Affiliation:
Nunavut Sivuniksavut, 368 Dalhousie St., Ottawa, ON K1N 7G3, Ontario, Canada
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In 1950–1958 Ahiarmiut were relocated, in three stages from Ennadai Lake to Nueltin Lake, from Ennadai Lake to Henik Lake and from Henik Lake to Arviat (Eskimo Point). This paper presents the results of a workshop conducted with elders and youths in Arviat, in May 2006, on these events. The participants in the workshop were Job and Eva Muqyunnik, Mary Anautalik, John Aulatjut, Silas Ilungijajuk, Geena Aulatjut from Arviat, Andrew Alikashuak, from Whale Cove, and Mary Whitmore from Churchill. The workshop was set up from an anthropological perspective and focused on Ahiarmiut perspectives of the first three relocations. Comparing archival and oral materials, the paper confronts the strategies, choices and decisions of the administration of the Canadian federal government with the experiences and views of the Ahiarmiut participants. The paper explores the causes of the failure of the relocations, notably the discrepancies between the values of the administration and those of the Ahiarmiut as well as the lack of communication between those parties. The paper concludes that there is no convincing evidence of any agreement between the Ahiarmiut and the administration so the relocation effectively became a deportation causing great economic and cultural distress as well as loss of life to the Ahiarmiut.

Type
Research Article
Information
Polar Record , Volume 46 , Issue 2 , April 2010 , pp. 113 - 135
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmak, L. 2006. Interview with J. Oosten, F. Laugrand and M. Thompson. Arviat, 9 May 2006. Tape in possession of authors.Google Scholar
Alikashuak, A. 2005. Statement recorded in the Arviat workshop 2005. Tape in possession of authors.Google Scholar
Anautalik, M. 2008. Interview with J. Oosten, F. Laugrand. Arviat, 5 June 2008. Tape in possession of authors.Google Scholar
Anautalik, M. 2005. Statement recorded in the Arviat workshop 2005. Tape in possession of authors.Google Scholar
Arima, E.Y. 1984. The caribou Eskimos. In: Sturtevant, W.C., and Damas, D. (editors). Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 5, Arctic. Washington: Smithsonian Institution: 447–462.Google Scholar
Belsey, W. 1985a. Return to Ennadai – a bitter sweet journey. Northwest Explorer 5 (3): 28–37.Google Scholar
Belsey, W. 1985b. The Ennadai Lake project. Inuktitut winter 1985: 6–12.Google Scholar
Belsey, W. 1985c. A home and native land. Inuktitut winter 1985: 13–23.Google Scholar
Birket-Smith, K. 1929. The caribou Eskimos. Material and social life and their cultural position. Descriptive part. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel Nordisk Forlag. (Report of the fifth Thule expedition 1921–1924, vol. 5, part 1 and 2).Google Scholar
Burch, E. 1978. Caribou Eskimo origins. An old problem reconsidered. Arctic Anthropology 15 (1): 1–35.Google Scholar
Burch, E. 1986. The caribou Inuit. In: Morrison, R., and Wilson, C. (editors). Native peoples, the Canadian experience. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart: 106–133.Google Scholar
Csonka, Y. 1992. Expansion et famines chez les Inuit du Caribous: le scenario et ses interpretations. Anthropologie et Sociétés 16 (2): 15–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Csonka, Y. 1995. Les Ahiarmiut (1920–1950). À l'écart des Inuit Caribous. Neuchâtel: Victor Attinger.Google Scholar
Cunningham, F.J.G. 1954a. Memorandum to the officer commanding RCMP G division. 25 August 1954. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/1.Google Scholar
Cunningham, F.J.G. 1954b. Memorandum for the deputy minister. 31 August 1954. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/1.Google Scholar
Cunningham, F.J.G. 1955. Memorandum for Mr. W.G. Kerr. Police patrol to Ennadai on September 15, 1955. 30 September 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/3.Google Scholar
Cunningham, F.J.G. 1956a. Memorandum to the deputy minister. Conditions among the Eskimos in the district of Keewatin. 31 January 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/543/630-129/1.Google Scholar
Cunningham, F.J.G. 1956b. Letter to Mr P.A.C. Nichols re: Eskimos Ennadai, Ottawa, 25 June 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1.Google Scholar
Curwin, K. 1988. Life at Maguse River during the 50s. An Interview with Gleason and Kathryn Ledyard. Isumasi 1 (3): 25–34.Google Scholar
De Niverville, (?) 1954. Letter to the deputy minister. 20 October 1954. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/1.Google Scholar
Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources. 1957. Eskimos fly to new hunting grounds. Ottawa: DNANR, Editorial and Information Division. (Document for immediate release. 24 May 1957). Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/2.Google Scholar
Eber, D.H. 1997. Images of justice. Montreal, Kingston, London, Buffalo: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, W.J. 1957. Memorandum to the officer commanding, RCMP G division. Movement of Eskimos from Ennadai Lake, NWT. (Assistance to Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources). 3 July 1957. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/2.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, W.J. 1958. Memorandum to the officer commanding, RCMP G division. Re: Eskimo Ootuk (E-467), North Henik Lake Area, NWT, Murder.17 February 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85.Google Scholar
Fitzsimmons, W.J. 1959. Memorandum to the officer commanding, RCMP G division. Movement of Eskimos from Ennadai Lake, NWT to Henik Lake, NWT. (Assistance to Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources). Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1349/1000-179/3.Google Scholar
Gabus, J. 1940. Iglous. La vie des Esquimaux-caribou. Neuchâtel/Paris: Attinger.Google Scholar
Gabus, J. 1940–1941. Les mouvements migratoires des Esquimaux Caribous. Anthropos 35–36: 221–238.Google Scholar
Gabus, J. 1944. Vie et coutumes des Esquimaux Caribous. Lausanne: Payot.Google Scholar
Gallagher, W. 1957. Memorandum to the officer commanding, RCMP G division. Re: Movement of Eskimos from Ennadai lake, NWT. (Assistance to Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources). 3 December 1957. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/2.Google Scholar
Gallagher, W. 1959a. Memorandum to the officer commanding, RCMP G division. Re: Article by Farley Mowat in Macleans Magazine issued January 31, 1959 entitled ‘The Two Ordeals of Kikkik’. 26 January 1959. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1349/1000-179/3.Google Scholar
Gallagher, W. 1959b. Memorandum to the officer commanding, RCMP G division, Movement of Eskimos from Ennadai Lake, NWT to Henik Lake, NWT. (Assistance to Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources). 3 December 1959. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1349/1000-179/3.Google Scholar
Grant, D. 1958. Letter to D.Sigs. Aid to native population, Ennadai Lake, NWT. 20 June 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG24/1983-84/215/288/2001-581/3.Google Scholar
Harper, F. 1964. Caribou Eskimos of the upper Kazan River, Keewatin. Lawrence: Kansas University Museum of Natural History, miscellaneous publications 36.Google Scholar
Hearne, S. 1958. A journey from Prince of Wales’ fort in Hudson's Bay to the northern ocean. Undertaken by order of the Hudson's Bay Company, for the discovery of copper mines, a north west passage, &c. In the years 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 (editor Glover, R.). Toronto: McMillan (first edition 1795).Google Scholar
Houston, J. 1955. Ennadai Lake, Northwest Territories. Hull: Department of Northern Affairs and National Development. Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Library.Google Scholar
Hunt, L.A.C.O. 1959. Memorandum for Mr. Cunningham. Starvation among the Keewatin Eskimos in the winter of 1957–58. 26 January 1959. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1349/1000-179/3.Google Scholar
Karetak, E. 2000. Kikkik. A daughter's story. Up Here November-December: 38–44.Google Scholar
Kennedy, R.L. 1958a. Letter to Mr. G.D. Ruttan. 13 February 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85.Google Scholar
Kennedy, R.L. 1958b. Memorandum for the chief of Arctic division. Oftedal Lake Eskimos. 13 February 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Kennedy, R.L. 1958c. Memorandum for the chief of the Arctic division. Eskimos, central District. 8 April 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1954. Memorandum to the chief, Arctic division. Re: Eskimo – Ennadai Lake Area, NWT. 8 November 1954. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/1.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1955a. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Ennadai Lake Eskimo. 14 April 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/3.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1955b. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. 4 July 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/3.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1955c. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. 25 August 1955. NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/3.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1956a. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimo – Ennadai Lake, NWT. 3 August 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1956b. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimo – Ennadai Lake, NWT. 12 September 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1956c. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimo – Ennadai lake, NWT. 21 September 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1956d. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Work program. – Mr. Louis Voisey. 23 December 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1957a. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimos – Ennadai Lake, NWT. 6 January 1957. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267-179.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1957b. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimos – Ennadai Lake, NWT. 12 May 1957. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/2.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1957c. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimos – Ennadai Lake, NWT. 6 June 1957. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/2.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1957d. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimos – Henik Lake, NWT (formerly of Ennadai Lake). 4 August 1957. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/2.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1957e. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimos – Henik Lake, NWT (formerly of Ennadai Lake). 8 August 1957. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/2.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1957f. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimos – Henik Lake, NWT. 3 December 1957. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/2.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1958a. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimos, Henik Lake, NWT. 23 February 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1958b. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimos, Henik Lake, NWT. 3 March 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1958c. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimos, Henik Lake. 16 March 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1958d. Canadian national telegraph. 15 February 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Kerr, W.G. 1958e. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimos, Henik Lake, NWT. 20 March 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Konek, H. 2006. Interview with J. Oosten, F. Laugrand and M. Thompson. Arviat, 8 May 2006. Tape in possession of authors.Google Scholar
Konek, J. 2006. Interview with J. Oosten, F. Laugrand and M. Thompson. Arviat, 8 May 2006. Tape in possession of authors.Google Scholar
Laliberte, J. 1955. Eskimos at Ennadai Lake district, NWT: RCMP Churchill detachment report. 8 February 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG18/acc.no 8586048 box 14/G-577-14/3.Google Scholar
Larsen, H.A. 1955. Memorandum to the director of Northern Administration and Lands Branch. Re: Eskimos in the Ennadai Lake district, NWT – proposed move to Padlei, NWT. 27 June 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/3.Google Scholar
Larsen, H.A. 1958. Memorandum to the officer commanding, RCMP G division. Re: Eskimo Ottuk, E-467, Henik Lake area, NWT, murder. 14 February 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000–179.Google Scholar
Life Magazine. 1956. The Mesolithic age today. Life Magazine February 1956: 82–91.Google Scholar
Marcus, A. 1995. Relocating eden. The image and politics of Inuit exile in the Canadian Arctic. Hanover and London: University Press of New England.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, A. 1998. Reflecting on contested images. In: King, J.C.H., and Lidchi, H. (editors). Imagining the Arctic. London: British Museum Press: 190–196.Google Scholar
Mallet, T. 2000. Kakoot. Récits du pays des caribous. (traduit de l'anglais, présenté et annoté par M. Therrien avec commentaire ethnohistorique de Y. Csonka). Québec: Septentrion.Google Scholar
Marsh, D.B. 1991. Echoes into Tomorrow, a personal overview of a century of events and endeavours affecting the history of Canada and the Inuit (editor Marsh, W.). Three Hills, Alberta: Prairie Graphics and Printing.Google Scholar
Michéa, J. 1949. Terre sterile: six mois chez les Esquimaux Caribous. Paris: Bloud et Gay.Google Scholar
Michéa, J. 1952. Les Ahiarmiut. Essai de morphologie du dernier groupe d'Esquimaux du caribou. Comptes-rendus sommaires des séances de l'Institut français d'ethnologie 6 (80–86): 23–29.Google Scholar
Mowat, F. 1952. People of the deer. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mowat, F. 1959. The two ordeals of Kikkik. Maclean Magazine. 31 January 1959.Google Scholar
Mowat, F. 1995. The desperate people. Boston: Little, Brown (1st edition 1959).Google Scholar
Mowat, F. 2000. Walking on the land. Toronto: Key Porter Books.Google Scholar
Muqyunnik, E. 2005. Statement recorded in the Arviat workshop 2005. Tape in possession of authors.Google Scholar
Muqyunnik, J. 2003. Statement recorded in the Arviat workshop 2003. Tape deposited at Nunavut Arctic College and copy in possession of authors.Google Scholar
Muqyunnik, J. 2005. Statement recorded in the Arviat workshop 2005. Tape in possession of authors.Google Scholar
Nichols, P.A.C. 1955a. Eskimos in the Ennadai Lake district, NWT. Report from the Churchill detachment. 23 February 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1.Google Scholar
Nichols, P.A.C. 1955b. Letter to Mr. Sivertz. 6 May 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/3.Google Scholar
Philipps, R.A.J. 1957a. Memorandum for Mr. Kerr. Report August 4, Eskimos – Henik Lake, NWT. 12 August 1957. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/2.Google Scholar
Philipps, R.A.J. 1957b. Memorandum for Mr. Wilkinson – Churchill, Manitoba. Ennadai Eskimos at Oftedal Lake. 8 October 1957. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/2.Google Scholar
Philipps, R.A.J. 1958a. Memorandum for the director. Movement of Henik Lake Eskimos. 15 January 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/2.Google Scholar
Philipps, R.A.J. 1958b. Memorandum for Mr. Kennedy, Churchill. 4 February 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Philipps, R.A.J. 1958c. Letter to Mr. G.D. Ruttan. 25 February 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Philipps, R.A.J. 1958d. Memorandum for Mr. Stevenson, Mr. Rudnicki. 27 February 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Philipps, R.A.J. 1958e. Memorandum for Mr. Sivertz. 9 April 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Philipps, R.A.J. 1958f. Memorandum for Mr. Kennedy, Churchill, Manitoba. Eskimos, central Keewatin District. 16 April 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Oosten, J., Laugrand, F., and Remie, C.. 2006. Perceptions of decline. Inuit Shamanism in the Canadian Arctic. Ethnohistory 53 (3): 445–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oswalt, W.H. 1961. Caribou Eskimo without caribou. The Beaver Spring 1961: 12–17.Google Scholar
Richards, J.P. 1956a. Memorandum for Mr. B.C. Sivertz. Eskimos Ennadai Lake. – Proposed transfer to Henik Lake region – southern Keewatin district. 26 April 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/10.Google Scholar
Richards, J.P. 1956b. Memorandum for file. Proposed transfer of Eskimos from Ennadai Lake to Henik Lake Region. 31 May 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1.Google Scholar
Richards, J.P. 1956c. Transfer of Ennadai Lake natives. 4 June 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1.Google Scholar
Richards, J.P. 1958a. Memorandum for Mr. Philipps. Eskimos – Henik Lake Region. 17 February 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/C2.Google Scholar
Richards, J.P. 1958b. Memorandum for Mr. Kerr. Rankin Inlet – Eskimos Henik Lake. 7 March 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Robertson, R.G. 1954. Memorandum for J.B. Baldwin. 5 November 1954. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/1.Google Scholar
Rothery, J.A. 1955. Eskimos in the Ennadai Lake district, NWT. RCMP Churchill detachment report. 4 July 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/3.Google Scholar
Rowley, G. 1956. Memorandum for the deputy minister. 1 November 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG22/545/Rowley-1956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowley, G. 1981. Geert van den Steenhoven. In: Remie, C., and Strijbosch, F. (editors). Afscheidsalbum Geert van den Steenhoven, Nijmegen: Faculteit der Rechtgeleerdheid, K.U. Nijmegen: 225–228.Google Scholar
Rudnicky, W. 1958. Report – field trip to Eskimo Point. March, 1958. Hull: Department of Northern Affairs and National Development. Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Library.Google Scholar
Ruttan, G.D. 1958a. Letter to Mr. R.L. Kennedy. 6 February 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Ruttan, G.D. 1958b. Letter to Mr. R.A.J. Philips. 14 March 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Serkoak, D. no date. Interview with David Serkoak on Ahiarmiut relocation. Language Arts Module, EL2 –Senior Secondary-10, by Shirley Tagalik, Arviat: Department of Education: 97–100.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1954a. Letter to Sgt. L. Smyth, RCMP Detachment. 26 August 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/1.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1954b. Memoradum for Mr. W.G. Kerr on taking up duty as Northern Service Office at Churchill, Manitoba. 3 November 1954. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/1.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1955a. Memorandum for Mr. Kerr. Ennadai Lake Eskimo. 31 March 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/2.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1955b. Memorandum for Mr. Kerr. 14 April 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/2.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1955c. Letter to Mr. P.A.C. Nichols. 28 April 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/3.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1955d. Memorandum for Mr. W.G. Kerr, Northern Service Officer. Re: Ennadai Lake Eskimos. 17 May 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1513/1000-500/3.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1956a. Memorandum for the director. 7 May 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1956b. Memorandum to the chief of the Arctic division. Re: Eskimo – Ennadai Lake, NWT. 3 August 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1956c. Memorandum for the deputy minister. Transfer of Eskimos – Ennadai Lake to Henik Lake. 9 August 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1956d. Memorandum for Mr. W.G. Kerr. Re: Ennadai Lake, NWT. 28 September 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1958a. Memorandum for the deputy minister. Report field trip to Eskimo Point and appendices. 28 March 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1958b. Memorandum for Mr. Mair, chief Canadian Wildlife Service. Service Lewis Voisey. 30 April 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1959a. Memorandum for the deputy minister. Background of Henik Lake Eskimos. 9 March 1959. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1349/1000-179/3.Google Scholar
Sivertz, B.G. 1959b. Memorandum for the deputy minister. Re: Tragedy on the tundra by Patrick Karl Lynn – March issue of The Carleton. 18 March 1959. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1349/1000-179/3.Google Scholar
Steenhoven, G. Van Den. 1955. Notes of interest, the NW. territories and Yukon radio System. Hernen: Steenhoven private collection.Google Scholar
Steenhoven, G. Van Den. 1956. Extract from publication Katholieke Illustratie. 7 June 1956. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1267/1000-179/1. File no 30126.Google Scholar
Steenhoven, G. Van Den. 1957. Research report on Caribou Eskimo law. Report to the DNANR on a field-research journey for the study of legal concepts among the Eskimos in some parts of the Keewatin District, NWT, in the summer of 1955. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG 85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Steenhoven, G. Van Den. 1958. Ennadai lake people 1955. The Beaver, Spring 1958, outfit 298: 12–18.Google Scholar
Steenhoven, G. Van Den. 1962. Leadership and law among the Eskimos of the Keewatin district, Northwest Territories. La Haye: Uitgeverij Excelsior.Google Scholar
Stevenson, A. 1958a. Memorandum to Mr. Richards. Re: Mr. Lewis Voisey's activities, 1 Nov 1957 to 28 February1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Stevenson, A. 1958b. Memorandum for Mr. Philipps. Kikkik (E1-472), Henik Lake. 30 April 1958. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Stevenson, A. 1958c. Extract from report of A. Stevenson, O.I.C, Eastern Arctic Patrol, 1951. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179.Google Scholar
Tester, F.J., and Kulchyski, P.. 1994. Tammarniit. Inuit relocation in the eastern Arctic 1939–1963. Vancouver: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Turquetil, A. 1904. Lac Caribou. Apostolat des Esquimaux – premières tentatives. Missions de la Congrégation des Missionnaires Oblats de Marie-Immaculée 42: 51–58.Google Scholar
Turquetil, A. 1907. Première tentative d'apostolat chez les Esquimaux. Missions de la Congrégation des Missionnaires Oblats de Marie-Immaculée 45: 330–353, 484–503.Google Scholar
Turquetil, A. 1912a. Chronique historique de la Mission Saint-Pierre du Lac Caribou. Missions de la Congrégation des Missionnaires Oblats de Marie-Immaculée 50: 171–201, 278–300.Google Scholar
Turquetil, A. 1912b. Les Esquimaux du Nord. Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Québec 6 (6): 398–408.Google Scholar
Turquetil, A. 1926. Notes sur les esquimaux de la Baie d'Hudson. Anthropos 21: 419–434.Google Scholar
Turquetil, A. 1986–1987. Second voyage du Père Turquetil chez les Esquimaux en 1906. Eskimo 31: 8–23, 32: 8–23.Google Scholar
Tyrrell, J.B. 1894. An expedition through the barren lands of northern Canada. The Geographical Journal 4 (5): 437–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyrrell, J.B. 1897. Report on the Doobaunt, Kazan and Ferguson rivers, and the north-west coast of Hudson Bay. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada.Google Scholar
Tyrrell, J.B. 1975. Eskimos of the kazan. The Beaver 305 (4): 40–46.Google Scholar
Vanstone, J.W., and Oswalt, W.. 1959. The Caribou Eskimos of Eskimo Point. Ottawa: Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources.Google Scholar
Whitmore, M. 2005. Statement recorded in the Arviat workshop 2005. Tape in possession of authors.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, D.E. 1957. Memorandum for chief, Arctic division. Ennadai Eskimos at Oftedal Lake. 25 September 1957. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada NAC/RG85/1000-179/2.Google Scholar