Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T04:22:05.420Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Understanding Policy Diffusion across Feminist Social Movements: TheCase of Gender Mainstreaming in Eastern Germany

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 November 2008

Katja M. Guenther
Affiliation:
University of California, Riverside

Abstract

Gender mainstreaming emerged on the European policy scene in the mid-1990s as aninnovative and controversial policy tool for reducing gender inequalities. TheEuropean Union seeks to propagate the practice of gender mainstreaming bothwithin EU institutions and among member states. Feminist scholars and policyelites have discussed and debated gender mainstreaming widely but have yet toconsider how local feminist activists, who could play a central role indiffusing gender mainstreaming, understand, interpret, and respond to thisagenda. This article examines whether and why local feminist movements in twocities in eastern Germany adopt gender mainstreaming into their advocacyagendas. Consideration of the characteristics of the contexts in which localfeminist movements are embedded clarifies the conditions under which socialmovements rally around new policy paradigms.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, Melinda, and Kang, Alice. 2007. “Regional Advocacy Networks and the Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa.Politics & Gender 3 (December): 451–74.Google Scholar
Bache, Ian, and Taylor, Andrew. 2003. “The Politics of Policy Resistance: Reconstructing Higher Education in Kosovo.Journal of Public Policy 23 (3): 279300.Google Scholar
Benford, Robert D., and Snow, David A.. 2000. “Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment.Annual Review of Sociology 26: 611–39.Google Scholar
Berry, Frances Stokes, and Berry, William D.. 1990. “State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis.American Political Science Review 84 (2): 395415.Google Scholar
Berry, Frances Stokes, and Berry, William D.. 1999. “Innovation and Diffusion Models in Policy Research.” In Theories of the Policy Process, ed. Sabatier, Paul . Boulder, CO: Westview, 169200.Google Scholar
Beveridge, Fiona, Nott, Sue, and Stephen, Kylie. 2000. “Mainstreaming and the Engendering of Policy-Making: A Means to an End?Journal of European Public Policy 7 (3): 385405..Google Scholar
Booth, Christine, and Bennett, Cinnamon. 2002. “Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union: Towards a New Conception and Practice of Equal Opportunities?European Journal of Women's Studies 9 (4): 430–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daley, Dorothy M . 2007. “Voluntary Approaches to Environmental Problems: Exploring the Rise of Nontraditional Public Policy.Policy Studies Journal 35 (2): 165–80.Google Scholar
Daly, Mary . 2005. “Gender Mainstreaming in Theory and Practice.Social Politics 12 (3): 433–50.Google Scholar
Dodds, Dinah . 1998. “Five Years after Unification: East German Women in Transition.Women's Studies International Forum 21 (2): 175–82.Google Scholar
Dolowitz, David, and Marsh, David. 1996. “Who Learns What from Whom: A Review of the Policy Transfer Literature.Political Studies 44 (1996): 343–57.Google Scholar
Einhorn, Barbara . 1992. “German Democratic Republic: Emancipated Women or Hardworking Mothers?” In Superwoman and the Double Burden, ed. Corrin, Chris . Toronto: Second Story Press, 126–54.Google Scholar
Einhorn, Barbara . 1993. Cinderella Goes to Market: Citizenship, Gender, and Women's Movements in East Central Europe. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Einhorn, Barbara . 2000. “Gender and Citizenship in the Context of Democratisation and Economic Reform in East Central Europe.” In International Perspectives on Gender and Democratisation, ed. Rai, Shirin . London: Macmillan, 103–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einhorn, Barbara, and Sever, Charlotte. 2003. “Gender and Civil Society in Central and Eastern Europe.International Feminist Journal of Politics 5 (2): 163–90.Google Scholar
Ferree, Myra Marx . 1995. “Making Equality: The Women's Affairs Offices in the Federal Republic of Germany.” In Comparative State Feminism, ed. Stetson, Dorothy McBride and Mazur, Amy G.. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 95113.Google Scholar
Ferree, Myra Marx, Rucht, Dieter, Gerhards, Jurgen, et al. 2002. Shaping Abortion Discourse: Democracy and the Public Sphere in Germany and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Greed, Clara . 2004. “Overcoming Factors Inhibiting the Mainstreaming of Gender into Spatial Planning Policy in the United Kingdom.Urban Studies 42 (4): 719–49.Google Scholar
Group of Specialists on Mainstreaming . 1998. Gender Mainstreaming: Conceptual Framework, Methodology and Presentation of Good Practice. Strasbourg Cedex: Council of Europe Publishing.Google Scholar
Guenther, Katja M. 2006. “‘A Bastion of Sanity in a Crazy World’: A Local Feminist Movement and the Reconstitution of Scale, Space, and Place in an Eastern German City.Social Politics 13 (4): 551–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellman, Judith Adler . 1987. Journeys among Women: Feminism in Five Italian Cities. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Karch, Andrew . 2007. Democratic Laboratories: Policy Diffusion among the American States. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena . 2006. “Reforming Representation: The Diffusion of Candidate Gender Quotas Worldwide.Politics & Gender 2 (September): 303–27.Google Scholar
Lang, Sabine . 2000. “The NGOization of Feminism: Institutionalization and Institution Building within the German's Women's Movements.” In Global Feminisms since 1945, ed. Smith, Bonnie G. . London: Routledge, 290304.Google Scholar
Liu, Dongxiao . 2006. “When Do National Movements Adopt or Reject International Agendas? A Comparative Analysis of the Chinese and Indian Women's Movements.American Sociological Review 71 (December): 921–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lombardo, Emanuela, and Meier, Petra. 2006. “Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union: Incorporating a Feminist Reading?European Journal of Women's Studies 13 (2): 151–66.Google Scholar
Mazey, Sonia . 2001. Gender Mainstreaming in the EU: Principles and Practice. London: London European Research Center.Google Scholar
Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee . 2004. “Mainstreaming Gender or ‘Streaming’ Gender Away: Feminists Marooned in the Development Business.IDS Bulletin 35 (4): 95103.Google Scholar
Ortbals, Candice D . 2008. “Subnational Politics in Spain: New Avenues for Feminist Policymaking and Activism.Politics & Gender 4 (March): 93119.Google Scholar
Paulsen, Krista E. 2004. “Making Character Concrete: Empirical Strategies for Studying Place Distinction.City & Community 3 (3): 243–62.Google Scholar
Ray, Raka . 1999. Fields of Protest: Women's Movements in India. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Rueschmeyer, Marilyn . 1998. “Women in the Politics of Eastern Germany: The Dilemmas of Unification.” In Women in the Politics of Post-Communist Eastern Europe, ed. Rueschmeyer, Marilyn . Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 87116.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Valerie A. 2008. “Discursive Institutionalism: The Explanatory Power of Ideas and Discourse.Annual Review of Political Science 11: 303–26.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Verena . 2005. Gender Mainstreaming—an Innovation in Europe? Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publishers.Google Scholar
Squires, Judith . 2005. “Is Mainstreaming Transformative? Theorizing Mainstreaming in the Context of Diversity and Deliberation.Social Politics 12 (3): 366–88.Google Scholar
Stratigaki, Maria . 2005. “Gender Mainstreaming vs Positive Action.European Journal of Women's Studies 12 (2): 165–86.Google Scholar
Tarrow, Sidney . 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
True, Jacqui, and Mintrom, Michael. 2001. “Transnational Networks and Policy Diffusion: The Case of Gender Mainstreaming.International Studies Quarterly 45 (1): 2757.Google Scholar
Verloo, Mieke . 2001. “Another Velvet Revolution? Gender Mainstreaming and the Politics of Implementation.” Working Paper No. 5/2001. Vienna: Institut für die Wissencschaften vom Menschen.Google Scholar
Verloo, Mieke . 2005. “Displacement and Empowerment: Reflections on the Concept and Practice of the Council of Europe Approach to Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality.Social Politics 13 (3): 344–65.Google Scholar
Walby, Sylvia . 2005. “Gender Mainstreaming: Productive Tensions in Theory and Practice.Social Politics 12 (3): 321–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, Alison . 2003. “European Gender Mainstreaming: Promises and Pitfalls of Transformative Policy.Review of Policy Research 20 (1): 6588.Google Scholar