Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-c9gpj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-13T16:00:05.520Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

‘Agitate, educate, organise’: partisanship, popular music and the Northern Ireland conflict

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 August 2020

Sean Campbell*
Affiliation:
Cambridge School of Creative Industries, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK

Abstract

This article explores popular-musical invocations of the Northern Ireland conflict (1968–1998), focussing specifically on the period between the IRA hunger strike of 1981 and the British Government's Broadcasting Act in 1988. Whilst most songs addressed to the ‘Troubles’ were marked by (lyrical) abstraction and (political) non-alignment, this period witnessed a series of efforts that issued upfront and partisan views. The article explores two such instances – by That Petrol Emotion and Easterhouse – addressing each band's respective views as well as the specific performance strategies that they deployed in staging their interventions. Drawing on original interviews that the author has conducted with the musicians – alongside extensive archival research of print and audio/visual media – the article explores the bands’ songs in conjunction with salient ancillary media (such as record sleeves, videos and interviews), yielding a more nuanced account of popular music's engagement with the ‘Troubles’ than has been offered in existing work (which often assumes the form of broad surveys).

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Althusser, L. 1971. Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. Brewster, Ben (London, New Left Books)Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1981. ‘Invisible Sun's unvisable video’, NME, 3 October, p. 7Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1985. ‘Style’, Labour and Ireland, No. 9 (Oct, Nov, Dec), p. 17Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1986. ‘Tour News’, NME, 3 May, p. 32.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1987a. ‘Records’, Observer, 19 April, p. 21Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1987b. ‘Petrol Emotion’, Labour and Ireland, No. 18 (Oct/Nov/Dec), p. 26Google Scholar
Anonymous 1987–1988, ‘Genius Move by That Petrol Emotion’, Labour and Ireland No. 19 (Dec/Jan/Feb), p. 22Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1988. ‘That Petrol Emotion’, Labour and Ireland, No. 21 (Jun–Sep), p. 19Google Scholar
Anonymous. 2010. ‘The 20 greatest political songs’, New Statesman, 29 March, p. 42.Google Scholar
Bailie, S. 2018. Trouble Songs: Music and Conflict in Northern Ireland (Belfast, Bloomfield Press)Google Scholar
Birch, I. 1978. ‘Ulster on a thin wire’, Melody Maker, 14 October, pp. 31–2, 34Google Scholar
Boland, S. 2017. ‘As Brexit comes closer, British ignorance about Ireland becomes unforgivable’, Prospect, 27 November. https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/as-brexit-comes-closer-british-ignorance-about-ireland-becomes-unforgivable (accessed 8 January 2019)Google Scholar
Bowler, D., and Dray, B. 1993. U2: A Conspiracy of Hope (London, Sidgwick and Jackson)Google Scholar
Bradby, B., and Torode, B. 1984. ‘To whom do U2 appeal?’, The Crane Bag, 8/2, pp. 73–8Google Scholar
Brown, M. 1981. ‘The Police’, Guardian, 15 December, p. 9Google Scholar
Bushell, G. 1987. ‘10 rocky horrors!’, The Sun, 19 May, p. 13Google Scholar
Campbell, D. 1987. ‘Manifesto! A deafening silence’, NME, 21 March, p. 34Google Scholar
Clerk, C. 1982. ‘Metal walls … and dead cities’, Melody Maker, 6 February, p. 8Google Scholar
Cloonan, M. 1996. Banned! Censorship of Popular Music in Britain 1967–1992 (Aldershot, Ashgate)Google Scholar
Colbert, P. 1981. ‘High spirits in the material world’, Melody Maker, 17 October 1981, pp. 2021, 27Google Scholar
Coleman, M. 2009. ‘80s hitmakers reunite for further Adventures’, Belfast Telegraph, 15 May, pp. 2021Google Scholar
Dawson, G. 2007. ‘Preface’, in Making Peace with the Past? Memory, Trauma and the Irish Troubles ed. Dawson, G. (Manchester, Manchester University Press), pp. xvixxiiGoogle Scholar
Doherty, H. 1977. ‘Land of ire’, Melody Maker, 12 November, pp. 53–5Google Scholar
Easterhouse. 1986a. ‘Why is Bobby Sands a working class hero?’ Sounds, 3 May, p. 22.Google Scholar
Easterhouse. 1986b. ‘Bobby Sands: A working class hero’, NME, 10 May, p. 8.Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, M. 2017. ‘The point is to change it: a short account of the Revolutionary Communist Party’, in Waiting for the Revolution: The British Far Left from 1956 (pp. 218–35), ed. Smith, E. and Worley, M. (Manchester, Manchester University Press)Google Scholar
Ford, P. 1989. ‘The Robocop of rock’, Living Marxism (April) pp. 43–4Google Scholar
Foster, R. F. 2007. Luck and the Irish: A Brief History of Change 1970–2000 (London, Allen Lane)Google Scholar
Freeman, M. 1986. ‘The road to power’, Confrontation: Theoretical Journal of the Revolutionary Communist Party, No. 1 (Summer), pp. 3289Google Scholar
Garbarini, V. (2000). ‘911’, Revolver, Spring, pp. 5863Google Scholar
Gardner, M. 1986. ‘Watching “TOTP” nowadays is dreadful – we want to be an antidote to that’, Record Mirror, 17 May, pp. 1819Google Scholar
Graham, C. 2003. ‘Pretty Things: Belfast Cowboys’, in Belfast Songs (pp. 31–4), ed. Hackett, Stephen and West, Colin (Belfast, Factotum)Google Scholar
Halpin, T. 1986. ‘Easterhouse’, Record Mirror 24 May, p. 37Google Scholar
Hanley, B. 2004. ‘The politics of Noraid’, Irish Political Studies, 19/1, pp. 11710.1080/1356347042000269701CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebdige, D. 1979. Subculture: The Meaning of Style (London, Methuen)Google Scholar
Henderson, D. 1986a. ‘Easterhouse – real estate?’, Sounds, 25 January, p. 21Google Scholar
Henderson, D. 1986b. ‘Singles’, Sounds, 10 May, p. 20Google Scholar
Heron, T. 2015. ‘“Alternative Ulster”: Punk and the construction of everyday life in 1970s Northern Ireland’, Popular Culture Today: Imaginaries, 19, pp. 117Google Scholar
Hewitt, P. 1981. ‘Under total control in the windy city’, Melody Maker, 16 May, pp. 1012Google Scholar
Hewitt, P. 1984. (ed.), ‘Gasbag’, NME, 14 January, p. 42Google Scholar
Hewson, P. (1988) ‘The white nigger’, in Across the Frontiers: Ireland in the 1990s (pp. 188191), ed. Kearney, R. (Dublin, Wolfhound Press)Google Scholar
Howe, S. 1993. ‘New light on Ireland’, New Statesman & Society, 12 March, p. 6Google Scholar
Howe, S. 2000. Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture (Oxford, Oxford University Press)Google Scholar
Howe, S. 2016. ‘Some intellectual origins of the Labour left's thought about Ireland, c. 1979–97’, in The British Labour Party and Twentieth-century Ireland: The Cause of Ireland, The Cause of Labour (pp. 182–96), ed. Marlay, L. (Manchester, Manchester University Press)Google Scholar
Hume, M. 1986. ‘Bring it back home’, the next step, 23 May, p. 5Google Scholar
Hunter, J. 1987. ‘That Petrol Emotion’, Bandits One to Five (April), no pagination.Google Scholar
Irish Freedom Movement. 1983. An Anti-Imperialist's Guide to the Irish War (London, Junius)Google Scholar
Irwin, P. 1986. ‘Singles’, Melody Maker, 17 May, p. 26Google Scholar
Lock, G. 1981a. ‘Creature from the noordzee’, NME, 11 July, pp. 1213Google Scholar
Lock, G. 1981b. (ed.) ’Gasbag’, NME, 25 July, pp. 6061Google Scholar
Lynskey, D. 2010. 33 Revolutions Per Minute: A History of Protest Songs (London, Faber)Google Scholar
MacGowan, S. 1987. ‘Review: Singles’, Smash Hits, 8–21 April, p. 63.Google Scholar
Maconie, S. 2013. The People's Songs: The Story of Modern Britain in 50 Records (London, Ebury)Google Scholar
Martin, G. 1981. ‘Bring on the clowns’, NME, 11 July, pp. 38–9Google Scholar
McCleery, M. J. 2015. Operation Demetrius and its Aftermath: a New History of the Use of Internment without Trial in Northern Ireland 1971–75 (Manchester, Manchester University Press)Google Scholar
McCormick, N. 2010. U2 by U2 (London, Harper Collins)Google Scholar
McDonagh, B. 2018. ‘Priti Patel's boorish Brexit comments showed ignorance about Ireland. She's not alone’, Guardian, 10 December 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/10/priti-patel-brexit-ignorance-ireland-vote-uk (accessed 11 December 2018)Google Scholar
McIlheney, B. 1986a. ‘Burning issues’, Melody Maker, 10 May, pp. 30–31Google Scholar
McIlheney, B. 1986b. ‘Working class heroes’, Melody Maker, 14 June, pp. 12–13Google Scholar
McKittrick, D. and McVea, D.. 2012. Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland Conflict (London, Viking)Google Scholar
McLaughlin, N. and McLoone, M.. 2012. Rock and Popular Music in Ireland: Before and After U2 (Dublin, Irish Academic Press)Google Scholar
McLoone, M. 2004. ‘Punk music in Northern Ireland: The political power of “what might have been”’, Irish Studies Review, 12/1 (April), pp. 293810.1080/0967088042000192095CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McRae, D. 1987. ‘Fuel to the fire’, NME, 11 April, pp. 1213Google Scholar
Mico, T. 1986. (ed.), ‘Backlash’, Melody Maker, 28 June, p. 30Google Scholar
Millar, S. R. 2016. ‘Let the people sing? Irish rebel songs, sectarianism, and Scotland's Offensive Behaviour Act’, Popular Music, 35/3 (October), pp. 29731910.1017/S0261143016000519CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millar, S. R. 2017. ‘Irish republican music and (post)colonial schizophrenia’, Popular Music and Society, 40/1, pp. 7588.10.1080/03007766.2016.1229098Google Scholar
Millar, S. R. 2018. ‘Music is my AK-47’: performing resistance in Belfast's rebel music scene’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 24/2 pp. 348–6510.1111/1467-9655.12814CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D. 1995. ‘The media and Northern Ireland: censorship, information management and the broadcasting ban’, in Glasgow Media Group Reader, Volume 2: Industry, Economy, War and Politics (pp. 4575), ed. Philo, Greg (London, Routledge)Google Scholar
Miller, J. 1984. ‘Stop in the name of love’, Newsweek, 31 December, p. 61.Google Scholar
Nolan, M. 2018. ‘I didn't mind the English. Until now’, New York Times, 19 October, p. 35.Google Scholar
O'Hagan, S. 1986a. ‘Oil on troubled waters’, NME, 10 May, pp. 45, 50Google Scholar
O'Hagan, S. 1986b. (ed.) ‘Big baad bag’, NME, 31 May, p. 50Google Scholar
O'More, R. 1984. ‘Spit in your eye’, An Phoblacht, 22 November, p. 15Google Scholar
O'Neill, S. and Trelford, G.. 2003. It Makes You Want to Spit! The Definitive Guide to Punk in Northern Ireland (Dublin, Reekus Music)Google Scholar
O'Toole, L. 1986. ‘Does socialism = soul?’, Record Mirror, 26 April, pp. 20–21Google Scholar
The Police. 1981. ‘Invisible Sun’, Smash Hits, 1–14 October, p. 38.Google Scholar
Parfittt, R. 2015. ‘“Oh, what matter, when for Erin dear we fall?”: music and Irish nationalism, 1848–1913’, Irish Studies Review, 23/4, pp. 480–9410.1080/09670882.2015.1078565CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parfitt, R. 2019. ‘“Rise and follow Charlie”: rebel songs and establishment politicians in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1998’, Irish Political Studies, 34/3, pp. 400–1910.1080/07907184.2018.1482875CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pietzonka, K. 2013. And The Healing Has Begun … A Musical Journey Towards Peace in Northern Ireland (Bloomington, AuthorHouse)Google Scholar
Porter, S. and O'Hearn, D.. 1995. ‘New Left podsnappery: the British Left and Ireland’, New Left Review (July–August), pp. 131–47Google Scholar
Quantick, D. and Leith, W.. 1987. (eds) ‘Angst’, NME, 25 April, p. 50Google Scholar
Rachel, D. 2016. Walls Come Tumbling Down: The Music and Politics of Rock Against Racism, Two Tone and Red Wedge (London, Picador)Google Scholar
Redhead, S. 1990. The End-of-the-Century Party: Youth and Pop Towards 2000 (Manchester, Manchester University Press)Google Scholar
Reside, N. 2017. ‘A civil rights perspective’, in The Brighton ‘Grand Hotel Bombing’: History, Memory and Political Theatre (pp. 31–7), eds Leeuwen, S. V. and Dawson, G. (Brighton, University of Brighton)Google Scholar
Reynolds, S. 1988. ‘The laboured party’, Melody Maker, 8 October, p. 23Google Scholar
Robb, . 2009. The North Will Rise Again: Manchester Music City 1976–1996 (London, Aurum)Google Scholar
Rolston, B. 2001. ‘“This is not a rebel song”: the Irish conflict and popular music’, Race and Class, 42/3, pp. 496710.1177/0306396801423003Google Scholar
Savage, J. 1987. ‘Emotional rescue’, Spin (September), pp. 1920Google Scholar
Savage, J. 1991. England's Dreaming: Sex Pistols and Punk Rock (London, Faber)Google Scholar
Savage, R. 2015. The BBC's ‘Irish Troubles’: Television, Conflict and Northern Ireland (Manchester, Manchester University Press)10.7228/manchester/9780719087332.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, J. 1986a. ‘Inspired: a song for Irish freedom’, the next step, 16 May, p. 9Google Scholar
Simpson, J. 1986b. ‘Streets ahead’, the next step, 27 June, p. 10Google Scholar
Smith, E., and Worley, M. 2017. ‘Introduction: the continuing importance of the history of the British far left’, in Waiting for the Revolution: The British Far Left from 1956 (pp. 110), ed. Smith, E. and Worley, M. (Manchester, Manchester University Press)Google Scholar
Smith, M. 1988. ‘Working for the clampdown’, Melody Maker, 26 November, p. 10Google Scholar
Smith, W. 1986a. ‘The Easter rebellion’, Melody Maker, 25 January, pp. 12–13Google Scholar
Smith, W. 1986b. ‘Second that emotion’, Melody Maker, 3 May, p. 33Google Scholar
Snow, M. 1987. ‘The holy babble’, Sounds. 16 May, p. 28Google Scholar
Staunton, T. 1986. ‘Easterhouse’, NME, 24 May, p. 4910.1177/006947708602400109Google Scholar
Staunton, T. 1987. ‘Here it is, cross my heart’, NME, 8 August, p. 34Google Scholar
Stenning, A. 1986. ‘That Petrol Emotion’, New Labour and Ireland, No. 10 (Jan/Feb/March), pp. 17, 19Google Scholar
Stewart, F. 2014. “‘Alternative Ulster”: Punk rock as a means of overcoming the religious divide in Northern Ireland’, in Irish Religious Conflict in Comparative Perspective. Histories of the Sacred and the Secular 1700–2000 (pp. 7690), ed. Wolffe, J. (London, Palgrave Macmillan)Google Scholar
Stokes, Niall. 2002. U2: Into the Heart (London, Carlton)Google Scholar
Street, J. 2012. Music and Politics (Cambridge, Polity)Google Scholar
Stud Brothers. 1987. ‘Party politics’, Melody Maker, 23 May, p. 10Google Scholar
That Petrol Emotion. 1987. ‘Big Decision’, Smash Hits, 6–19 May, p. 27.Google Scholar
Taylor, N. 1985. ‘Politics? Fill ‘er up!’, NME, 20 July, p. 6Google Scholar
Taylor, N. 2017. C86 and All That: The Creation of Indie in Difficult Times (London, Ink Monkey)Google Scholar
Thornton, S. 1995. Club Cultures: Music, Media and Subcultural Capital (Cambridge, Polity)Google Scholar
Turner, J. 2010. ‘Who are they?’, London Review of Books, 32/13 (8 July), pp. 38Google Scholar
Vendetta, B. 2013. Wivenhoe Park (Lakewood, Cooperative Trade)Google Scholar
Walsh, D.P.J. 2000. Bloody Sunday and the Rule of Law in Northern Ireland (Basingstoke, Macmillan)10.1057/9780230514461CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D. 1986. ‘Burning down the Easterhouse’, Spin (October), p. 14Google Scholar
Wells, S. 1986. ‘45’, NME, 10 May, p. 1510.2307/3903455Google Scholar
Wells, S. 1990. ‘Won't get fuelled again’, NME, 31 March, p. 16Google Scholar
Wickham, V. 1972. ‘Lennon backs IRA’, Melody Maker, 19 February, p. 6Google Scholar
Wilde, J. 1987a. ‘Manifesto revisited’, Melody Maker, 11 April, p. 12Google Scholar
Wilde, J. 1987b. ‘Gasoline allies’, Melody Maker, 24 October, pp. 38–9Google Scholar
Wilkes, J. 1987. ‘That Petrol Emotion’, Record Mirror, 2 May, pp. 24–5Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. 1987. ‘Second that emotion’, Sounds, 9 May, pp. 23–4Google Scholar
Williams, R. 1981. ‘The Police’, The Times, 16 December, p. 13Google Scholar
Worley, M. 2017. No Future: Punk, Politics and British Youth Culture, 1976–1984 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press)10.1017/9781316779569CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Interviews

Gorman, Raymond and O'Neill, Damian (15 April 2017), interview with the authorGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, Ciaran (28 October 2017), interview with the authorGoogle Scholar
O'Neill, John (29 June 2017), interview with the authorGoogle Scholar
Perry, Ivor (11 June 2017), interview with the authorGoogle Scholar
Travis, Geoff (30 June 2017), interview with the author10.4324/9781315561905-4Google Scholar

Films, television and radio programmes

Across the Line, BBC Radio Ulster (18 April 2016)Google Scholar
The Chart Show, Channel Four (16 May 1986)Google Scholar
Good Vibrations, Lisa Barros D'Sa, Glenn Leyburn, UK (2013)Google Scholar
Hit the North, BBC Radio 5 Live (8 January 1991)Google Scholar
John Peel Show, BBC Radio 1 (28 April 1987)Google Scholar
The Old Grey Whistle Test, BBC2 (14 July 1981)Google Scholar
Seriously … Being Gerry Adams, BBC Radio 4 (4 September 2018)Google Scholar
Squaddies on the Frontline, BBC Northern Ireland (21 February 2018)Google Scholar
That Petrol Emotion, Seen and Unseen (Virgin Vision VHS, 1988)Google Scholar
Top of the Pops, BBC1 (7 May 1981)Google Scholar
The Tube, Channel 4 (18 March 1983).10.1088/0031-9120/18/1/104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Tube, Channel 4 (27 March 1987)Google Scholar

Twitter

Mathews, Arthur @Munchious 11 April 2013 4.31amGoogle Scholar
Guthrie, Gordon @gordonguthrie 23 May 2017 12.26pmGoogle Scholar

Discography

Adams, Bryan, ‘The Summer of ’69’. A&M, AM267. 1985Google Scholar
The Adventures, ‘Broken Land’. Elektra, EKR 69, 969 414-7, 969414-7. 1988Google Scholar
The Au Pairs, ‘Armagh’, Playing With A Different Sex. Human, HUMAN 1. 1981Google Scholar
Brother ‘D’ with Collective Effort, ‘How We Gonna Make the Black Nation Rise?’ Clappers, CL-0001. 1980Google Scholar
Easterhouse, Inspiration EP. Rough Trade, RTT 174. 1986Google Scholar
The Police, ‘Invisible Sun’. A&M, AMS 8164. 1981Google Scholar
Prefab Sprout, ‘Dublin’, Protest Songs. Kitchenware, KWLP4. 1989Google Scholar
Simple Minds, ‘Belfast Child’, Ballad of the Streets. EP. Virgin, SMXT 3. 1989Google Scholar
The Sisters of Mercy, ‘1969’, ‘Alice’. Merciful Release, MR 021. 1983Google Scholar
Stiff Little Fingers, ‘Suspect Device’/‘Wasted Life’. Rigid Digits, SRD-1. 1978Google Scholar
Stiff Little Fingers, ‘Alternative Ulster’. Rough Trade, RT 004. 1978Google Scholar
The Stooges, ‘1969’. Elektra, INT.80209. 1969Google Scholar
That Petrol Emotion, ‘Big Decision’. Polydor, TPE1. 1987Google Scholar
That Petrol Emotion, ‘Genius Move’. Virgin, VS 1022. 1987Google Scholar
The Undertones, ‘It's Going To Happen’. Ardeck, ARDS 8. 1981Google Scholar
U2, ‘Sunday Bloody Sunday’, War. Island, ILPS 9733. 1983Google Scholar