Emergency patients have to stay in the Emergency Department (ED) for hours to days to get ward admission for definite care in Nepal. Access block is a major issue in the ED of University Level Teaching Hospitals (ULTH) in Nepal. This study aimed to analyze the impact of access blocks in the EDs of Nepal.

Meta-analysis of different publications on ‘duration of ED Boarding’ and ‘mortality outcome of ED’ of ULTHs of Nepal till November 15, 2022

9.7% of ED patients were admitted to the ward. The time period from ED arrival to respective ward team consultation is 5.7 hours, consultation to ward admission is 5.6 hours, and admission to ward transfer is 8 hours. The average ED boarding time is 18.1 hours. 38% of patients arrived in ED via Ambulances. The time period from ED arrival to ward team consultation for those who need transfer to another center are 6.9 hours, consultation to admission is 5.7 hours, and admission to transfer is 8.7 hours (ED Boarding time 21.3 hours). Meta-analysis of three major ULTH’s showed mortality with respect to ED boarding time to be 17% in < 1 hour, 40.4% in 1 - 6 hours, 27.4% in 6-12 hours, 9.1% in 12-24 hours, 4% in 24-28 hours and 2.1% in >48 hours. Among them, higher age, greater mortality rate. The immediate causes of mortality comparing 2018 vs 2010 are Sepsis & Septic shock 32.2% vs 18%, Cardiac Causes 21.8% vs 14.8%, Aspiration Pneumonia 19.5% vs 14.8%, Severe Lung Diseases 12.7% vs 16.4%, Hypovolumic & Haemorrhagic Shock 9.2% vs 34.4% and Poisoning 4.6% vs 1.6%.

Prolonged ED boarding due to Access Block is triggering increased mortality in the ED.