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The Territorial Sea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2017

R. R. Baxter
R. R. Baxter*
Affiliation:
Harvard Law School
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Type
Fifth Session
Information
Proceedings of the American Society of International Law at its annual meeting (1921-1969) , Volume 50 , 1956 , pp. 116 - 124
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1956

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References

1 Note verbale dated Feb. 3, 1955, from the Permanent Delegation of the United States to the United Nations, annexed to Report of the International Law Commission Covering the Work of Its Seventh Session 2 May-8 July 1955. TJ.N. General Assembly, 10th Sess., Official Records, Supp. No. 9, at 46 (Doc. No. A/2934) (1955) (hereinafter cited as I.L.C., Seventh Report).

2 See Frangois, Report on the Régime of the Territorial Sea to the International Law Commission, Fourth Session, at 11 (Doc. No. A/CN.4/53) (1952), for a tabulation of such claims.

3 See id. at 11, and U.N. Secretariat, Laws and Regulations on the Régime of the High Seas 51-136 (Doc. No. ST/LEG/SER.B/1) (1951).

4 Report of the International Law Commission Covering the Work of Its Sixth Session 3 June-28 July 1954, U.N. General Assembly, 9th Sess., Official Records, Supp. No. 9, at 12 (Doc. No. A/2693) (1954) (hereinafter cited as I.L.C., Sixth Report).

5 Report of the Second Committee: Territorial Sea, in 1 Acts of the Conference for the Codification of International Law 123 (Doc. No. C.351.M.145.1930.V.) (1930).

6 See Briggs, “ Official Interest in the Work of the International Law Commission: Replies of Governments to Requests for Information or Comment,” 48 A. J. I. L. 603 (1954)Google Scholar.

7 International Law Commission, Fifth Session, Régime of the Territorial Sea, Information and Observations Submitted by Governments Regarding the Question of the De limitation of the Territorial Sea of Two Adjacent States (Docs. Nos. A/CN.4/71, May 12, 1953, and A/CN.4/71/Add.l and Add.2); I.L.C., Seventh Report at 25; International Law Commission, Eighth Session, Comments by Governments on the Provisional Articles Concerning the Régime of the High Seas and the Draft Articles on the Régime of the Territorial Sea Adopted by the International Law Commission at Its Seventh Session (Doc. No. A/CN.4/99, 12 March 1956).

8 I.L.C., Sixth Report at 12.

9 Report of the International Technical Conference on the Conservation of the Living Resources of the Sea, 18 April to 10 May 1955, Rome (Doc. No. A/CONF.10/6) (1955).

10 Resolution XIII, Principles of Mexico on the Juridical Régime of the Sea, in 34 Dept. of State Bulletin 298 (1956).

11 Resolution of Ciudad Trujillo, ibid. 897.

12 I.L.C., Seventh Report at 15, note 13.

13 Draft articles on the régime of the territorial sea, Art. 3, in I.L.C., Seventh Report at 16.

14 Ibid, at 15, note 13.

15 Art. 5.

16 Judgment of Dec. 18, 1951, [1951] I.C.J. Rep. 115.

17 Note verbale dated Feb. 3, 1955, from the Permanent Delegation of the United States to the United Nations, annexed to LL.C, Seventh Report at 46.

18 I.L.C., Seventh Report at 15, note 13.

19 Kent, “The Historical Origins of the Three-Mile Limit,” 48 A. J. I. L. 537 (1954)Google Scholar; Walker, “Territorial Waters: The Cannon Shot Rule,” 22 British Year Book of Int. Law 210 (1945)Google Scholar.

20 Mouton, The Continental Shelf 195-198 (1952).

21 See MeDougal, and Sehlei, , “The Hydrogen Bomb Tests in Perspective: Lawful Measures for Security,” 64 Yale L. J. 648, 661-682 (1955), for a comprehensive survey of “The Great Range of Unilateral Claims [to use of the high seas] Honored in Community Practice.”CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Proclamation No. 2667, 59 Stat. 884 (1945).

23 § 4, 67 Stat, 31 (1953), 43 TJ.S.C. $ 1312 (Supp. I, 1954).

24 Hearings before the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs on S.J. Res. 13 et al., 83d Cong., 1st Sess. 1051-1053 (1953), 28 Dept. of State Bulletin 486 (1953).

25 E.g., 9 Geo. 2, c. 35, § 23, concerning the forfeiture of vessels into which foreign goods were loaded, without payment of customs duties, within four leagues of the coast; see Masterson, Jurisdiction in Marginal Seas 1-17 (1929).

26 Anti-Smuggling Act, $ 1, 49 Stat. 517 (1935-1936), U.S.C. $ 1701 (1952). Customs waters extend four leagues from the coast. Id. $ 201, 49 Stat. 521 (1935-1936), 19 TJ.S.C. § 1401 (m) (1952).

27 Final Act of the Consultative Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the American Republics, City of Panama, Sept. 23-Oct. 3, 1939, 1 Dept. of State Bulletin 321, 331 (1939).

28 See Naval War College, International Law Documents, 1948-9, at 169 ffGoogle Scholar.

29 14 C.F.E. $ 620.1(b) (Supp. 1955); see Martial, “State Control of the Air Space Over the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone,” 30 Canadian Bar Rev. 245 (1952).

30 A person who “knowingly or wilfully violates any provision” of the regulations or any order issued thereunder is subject to a maximum punishment of imprisonment for one year and a $10,000 fine. 14 C.F.R. § 620.18 (Supp. 1955).

31 Proclamation No. 2668, 59 Stat. 885 (1945).

32 See Selak, “Recent Developments in High Seas Fisheries Jurisdiction under the Presidential Proclamation of 1945,” 44 A. J. I. L. 670 (1950); “U. S. Position on Conservation of Fisheries Resources,” 32 Dept. of State Bulletin 696 (1955). A representative example of international co-operation in the protection of fisheries is the International Convention for the High Seas Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean, signed at Tokyo, May 9, 1952, 4 U. S. Treaties, Pt. 1 at 380 (1953), T.I.A.S. No. 2786.

33 As in the Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgment of Dec. 18, 1951, [1951] I.C.J. Rep. 115 Google Scholar.

34 Draft articles on the Régime of the territorial sea, Art. 5, in I.L.C., Seventh Report at 17.

35 See D.J., “Icelandic Fishery Limits,” 1 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (4th ser.) at 71 and 350 (1952).

36 I.L.C, Seventh Report at 15, note 13.

37 See Declaration on the Maritime Zone, signed at Santiago, Aug. 18, 1952, in Peru, Memoria del Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, 1954-1955, at 134 (1955); Defensa del dominio maritimo del Peru, id. at 11; and Case of Sanger et ah, Peru, Port Officer of Paita, Nov. 26, 1954, 49 A. J. I. L. 575 (1955).

38 Report of the International Law Commission Covering the Work of Its Fifth Session June 1-August 14, 1953, U.N. General Assembly, 8th Sess., Official Records, Supp. No. 9, at 19 (Doc. No. A/2456).

39 Concerning the relatively few cases of seizure under the Anti-Smuggling Act and the criterion of reasonability, see Briggs, “Les Etats-Unis et la loi de 1935 sur la contrebande,” 20 Eevue de Droit International et de Legislation Comparee (3d ser.) at 217, 243 (1939).

40 Contra, Jessup, The Law of Territorial Waters and Maritime Jurisdiction xxxiii-xmv (1927).

41 Art. 16.

42 Art. 18, par. 1.

43 Art. 18, par. 3.

44 Art. 25, par. 1.

45 Art. 19.

46 Art. 21.

47 Art. 22. For the text of the International Convention Relating to the Arrest of Sea-Going Ships, signed at Brussels May 10, 1952, see Cmd. 8952 at 18 (1953).

48 Bases for an Agreement between the C.E.P. Countries and the United States for Conservation and Fishery in the Waters of the Southeast Pacific, Sept. 23, 1955, in IT. S. Dept. of State, Santiago Negotiations on Fishery Conservation Problems 34 (1955).

49 See Selak, “Fishing Vessels and the Principle of Innocent Passage,” 48 A. J. I. L. 627 (1954).

50 As appears to be the position of the United States in a note verbale dated Feb. 3, 1955, from the Permanent Delegation of the United States to the United Nations, annexed to I.L.C., Seventh Report at 46.