^* Ms. Kent and Professor Murphy did not submit remarks to the Proceedings.

¹ This is irrespective of whether or not international law is a very powerful instrument of governance. See Koskenniemi, Martti, The Mystery of Legal Obligations, 3 Int’l. Theory 319, 321 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

² It is true that effectivity and effectiveness overlap when the verification of the factual variable required by the former depends on compliance by certain actors with certain standards.

³ For a recent review of all the doctrines in which effectivity plays a role, see Florian Couveinhes Matsumoto, L’effectiviteé En Droit International (2014). For a classic, see Charles De Visscher, Les EffectiviteéS du Droit International Public (1967).

⁴ On the relationship between international law, ideas, and the power of ideas, see Allott, Philip, The True Function of Law in the International Community, 5 Global L. Stud. J. 391 (1998)Google Scholar. See also Allott, Philip, The Concept of International Law, 10 Eur. J. Int’l L. 31 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵ Crawford, James, International Law as Discipline and Profession, 106 ASIL Proc. 471, 486 (2012)Google Scholar (“We are collectively part of the makers of that world”).

⁶ Simpson, Gerry, On the Magic Mountain: Teaching Public International Law, 10 Eur. J. Int’l L. 70, 74 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar (“We are often delighted when judges take notice of international law”).

⁷ For critical remarks on the pitfall of self-referentiality, see Jean d’Aspremont, International Lawyers Live!, available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2271115 (introductory speech to the Fifth Research Forum of the European Society of International Law).

⁸ This does not mean that they lack awareness of the risk of failure, and includes what Martti Koskenniemi calls a “commitment,” that is, a sentimental attachment to the field’s constitutive rhetoric and traditions with some awareness of the risk of failure. See Koskenniemi, Martti, Between Commitment and Cynicism: Outline of a Theory of International Law as Practice, in Collection of Essays by Legal Advisors 493 (1999)Google Scholar.

⁹ This finding is irrespective of the fact that international lawyers do not need international law as a warrant for their existence as a professional discipline. See Crawford, supra note 5 (“One does not have to believe in the existence of God to credit the existence of the clergy”). See also d’Aspremont, supra note 7.

¹⁰ As is well-known, this is an image that has been the object of compelling contestations over the last decades. See, e.g., Martti Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations (2004).

¹¹ See generally Singh, Sahib, International Law as a Technical Discipline: Critical Perspectives on the Narrative Structure of a Theory, in Jean d’Aspremont, Formalism and the Sources of International Law 236 (2013).Google Scholar