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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2017
1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, General Assembly Res. 21 7(111), 1948, 2 United Nations Resolutions (Series 1) 135 (D.J. Djonovich (ed.)).
2 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965, 1965 United Nations Juridical Yearbook 63.
3 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966, 1966 United Nations Juridical Yearbook 170; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Ibid, at 178.
4 Supra note 2, at 67 (Article 9(1)).
5 Supra note 3, at 175 (Article 16(1)), 188 (Article 40(1)).
6 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979), 1979 United Nations Juridical Yearbook 115, 122 (Article 18(1)).
7 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984), 1984 United Nations Juridical Yearbook 135, 140 (Article 19).
8 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989, 28 ILM 1457, 1473-1474 (1989) (Article 44).
9 Article 73, International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (1991), 30 ILM 1521, 1546 (1991).
10 See Sohn, Louis B. & Buergenthal, Thomas, International Protection Of Human Rights 874–875 (1973)Google Scholar.
11 Supra note 2, at 66-67 (Article 8).
12 Supra note 3, at 186 (Article 28).
13 Supra note 6, at 121 (Article 17).
14 Supra note 7, at 139 (Article 17).
15 Supra note 8, at 1472-1473.
16 Supra note 9, at 1545-1546 (Article 72).
17 See Alston, P. & Simma, B., The First Session of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , 81 AJIL 747–748 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
18 Supra note 3, at 188 (Article 40(4)).
19 Supra note 2, at 67 (Article 9(2)).
20 Supra note 6, at 122 (Article 21).
21 Supra note 8, at 1474 (Article 45(d)).
22 Supra note 7, at 140 (Article 19(4)).
23 Supra note 9, at 1547 (Article 74(1)).
24 Supra note 2, at 67 (Article 9(1)).
25 Supra note 8, at 1474 (Article 44(4)).
26 Supra Supra note 9, at 1547 (Article 74(1)).
27 See Robertson, A. H., The Implementation System: International Measures , The International Bill Of Rights 332, 344 (L. Henkin, ed., 1981)Google Scholar.
28 See Meron, T., Human Rights Law-Making In The United Nations 37 (1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
29 See Coliver, S., International Reporting Procedures , Guide To International Human Rights Practice 173, 191 (H. Hannum, ed., 2nd edition, 1992)Google Scholar.
30 For statistics, up to May 1993, see Bayefsky, A., Making the Human Rights Treaties Work , in Human Rights: An Agenda For The Next Century 229, 230 (L. Henkin & J. L. Hargrove, eds., 1994)Google Scholar.
31 Article 1, United Nations Economic and Social Council, Resolution on Procedure for Dealing with Communications Relating to Violations of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1970, reprinted in 64 AJIL 1023 (1970).
32 See Rodley, N.S., United Nations Non-Treaty Procedures for Dealing with Human Rights Violations , in Guide To International Human Rights Practice , supra note 29, at 60, 64–70 Google Scholar.
33 Supra note 31, at 1025 (Article 7).
34 A minimum of ten declarations is required before this competence is activated. The Committee may make suggestions and recommendations based upon the communications. See supra note 2, at 68-69.
35 The Optional Protocol requires ten ratifications to enter into force. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), 1966 United Nations Juridical Yearbook 193. Article 5 directs the Committee to “forward its views” to the parties concerned after its examination of the communication inthe light of all available written information.
36 A minimum of five such declarations are required. Supra note 7, at 142. Under Article 22(7) the Committee shall “forward its views” to the state party and the individual after due consideration.
37 Under the Migrant Workers Convention, the minimum number of declarations required is ten. Supra note 9, at 1549-1550.
38 For details, see A. Bayefsky, supra note 15, at 230.
39 See Article 11.
40 See Articles 41 and 42.
41 See Article 21.
42 See Article 76.
43 Schmidt, M.G., Individual Human Rights Complaints Procedures Based on United Nations Treaties and the Need for Reform , 41 Int’l & Comp. L. Q 645, 646 (1992)Google Scholar.
44 Supra note 2, at 70-71.
45 Supra note 7, at 144.
46 Supra note 9, at 1553.
47 Compliance with decisions of the ICJ is mandatory in accordance with Article 94 of the Charter of the United nations, 1945, 9 International Legislation 327, 359 (M.O. Hudson ed., 1950).
48 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950, 1 European Conventions And Agreements, 21, 28. The European Court of Human Rights was established under Article 19 of the Convention.
49 Id. at 34 (Article 34).
50 Protocol No. 9 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1990), Council of Europe, Human Rights, Information Sheet No. 27 120-122 (1991).
51 American Convention on Human Rights (1969), AJIL 679, 689, 697 (1971).
52 See Davidson, S., The Inter-American Court Of Human Rights 61 (1992)Google Scholar.
53 For recent figures, see Exploratory Note to Protocol No. 11, 33 ILM 944, 948 (1994).
54 United Nations: Security Council Resolution on Establishing an International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia (Res. 827 (1993)), 32 ILM 1203 (1993).
