¹ These cases were handed down as companion decisions and include: The Slavers (Kate), 69 U.S. 350 (1864); The Slavers (Sarah), 69 U.S. 366 (1864); The Slavers (Weathergage), 69 U.S. 375 (1864); The Slavers (Reindeer), 69 U.S. 383 (1864) [hereinafter Slave Trade Cases].

² The Slavers (Kate), 69 U.S. at 364 (emphasis added).

³ The Slavers (Weathergage), 69 U.S. at 380.

⁴ The Slavers (Kate), 69 U.S. at 364.

⁵ Id.

⁶ TVPA, 22 U.S.C. 7109(a)(2) (§§ 1589-1594). See, e.g., United States v. Bibbs, 564 F.2d 1165 (5th Cir. 1977) (involuntary servitude in agriculture); United States v. Bradley, 390 F.3d 145 (1st Cir. 2004) (involuntary servitude in tree removal service).

⁷ Wolff, Tobias Barrington, The Thirteenth Amendment and Slavery in the Global Economy, 102 Colum. L. Rev. 973, 1020 (2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸ Bales, Kevin, Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy 9 (1999)Google Scholar.

⁹ Id.

¹⁰ Wolff, supra note 7, at 1034.

¹¹ Id. at 1035.

¹² The Slavers (Reindeer), 69 U.S. 383.

¹³ See id. at 401 (holding that experience shows that positive proof in the case of a vessel equipped for a slave voyage is not needed when the law allows a resort to circumstances as the means to ascertaining the truth).

¹⁴ Wolff, supra note 7, at 1020.

¹⁵ The Slavers (Reindeer), 69 U.S. at 401.

¹⁶ For an example of an organization that documents such activities, see Rugmark Foundation, available at <http://www.rugmark.org/>.

¹⁷ Walden Asset Management, Child Labor: Not a Minor Issue (2001), available or <http://www.waldenassetmgmt-.com/social/action/library/workplace.html> (follow “Child Labor: Not a Minor Issue, Summer 2001” hyperlink).

¹⁸ Id.

¹⁹ RUGMARK Foundation, available at <http://www.ragmark.org/about.htm>.

²⁰ RUGMARK Foundation, available at <http://www.rugmark.org/news_facts.htm>.

²¹ The Slavers (Kate), 69 U.S. at 364 (1864).

²² Wolff, supra note 7, at 1020.

²³ Protocol for the Growing and Processing of Cocoa Beans and their Derivative Products in a Manner that Complies with ILO Convention 182 Concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor, Sept. 19, 2001, available at <http://harkin.senate.gov/specials/chocolate-protocol.pdf.>

²⁴ Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 201-219 (2005).

²⁵ Id., §212(a).

²⁶ James В. Leonard, Farmworker Justice Fund, Inc., Hot Goods Temporary Restraining Orders Under the Fair Labor Standards Act in the Agricultural Sector of the Fxonomy, A Manual for Legal Assistance Programs (2000).

²⁷ Fair Labor Standards Act, supra note 24, § 203(1).

²⁸ Id. § 203(j).

²⁹ Id.

³⁰ Id.

³¹ Id.