Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-v5vhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-01T06:12:00.056Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The anti-cachectic effect of fatty acids

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 April 2008

Matthew D. Barber
Affiliation:
University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, UK
James A. Ross
Affiliation:
University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, UK
Kenneth C. H. Fearon*
Affiliation:
University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Mr K. C. H. Fearon, fax +44 (0)131 228 2661, email UDSRIE@ed.ac.uk
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Meeting Report
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1998

References

Aderka, D, Engelmann, H, Hornik, V, Skornick, Y, Levo, Y, Wallach, D & Kushtai, G (1991) Increased serum levels of soluble receptors for tumor necrosis factor in cancer patients. Cancer Research 5, 56025607.Google Scholar
Aderka, D, Fisher, S, Levo, Y, Holtmann, H, Hahn, T & Wallach, D (1985) Cachectin/tumour-necrosis-factor production by cancer patients. Lancet ii, 1190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alam, SQ, Ren, YF & Alam, BS (1988) (3H)forskolin- and (3H)dihydroalprenolol-binding sites and adenylate cyclase activity in heart of rats fed diets containing different oils. Lipids 23, 207213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballou, LR & Cheung, WY (1985) Inhibition of human platelet phospholipase A2 activity by unsaturated fatty acids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82, 371375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barber, MD, Wigmore, SJ, Ross, JA & Fearon, KCH (1997) Eicosapentaenoic acid attenuates cachexia associated with advanced pancreatic cancer. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 57, 204.Google Scholar
Baumann, H & Gauldie, J (1994) The acute phase response. Immunology Today 15, 7480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, SA & Tisdale, MJ (1989) Effect of insulin on weight loss and tumour growth in a cachexia model. British Journal of Cancer 59, 677681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, SA & Tisdale, MJ (1990) Effect of megestrol acetate on weight loss induced by tumour necrosis factor α and a cachexia-inducing tumour (MAC16) in NMRI mice. British Journal of Cancer 62, 420424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bessey, PQ, Watters, JM, Aoki, TT & Wilmore, DW (1984) Combined hormonal infusion simulates the metabolic response to injury. Annals of Surgery 200, 264281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brennan, MF (1977) Uncomplicated starvation versus cancer cachexia. Cancer Research 37, 23592364.Google ScholarPubMed
Burt, ME, Aoki, TT, Gorschboth, CM & Brennan, MF (1983) Peripheral tissue metabolism in cancer-bearing man. Annals of Surgery 198, 685691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calder, PC (1996 ) Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55, 737774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cangiano, C, Laviano, A, Muscaritoli, M, Meguid, MM, Cascino, A & Fanelli, FR (1996) Cancer anorexia: New pathogenic and therapeutic insights. Nutrition 12, Suppl. 1, S48S51.Google ScholarPubMed
Cariuk, P, Lorite, MJ, Todorov, PT, Field, WN, Wigmore, SJ & Tisdale, MJ (1997) Induction of cachexia in mice by a product isolated from the urine of cachetic cancer patients. British Journal of Cancer 76, 606613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cersosimo, E, Pisters, PWT, Pesola, G, Mcdermott, K, Bajorunas, D & Brennan, MF (1991) Insulin secretion and action in patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer 67, 486493.3.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chlebowski, RT, Bulcavage, L, Grosvenor, M, Tsunokai, R, Block, JB, Heber, D, Scrooc, M, Chlebowski, JS, Chi, J, Oktay, E, Akman, S & Ali, I (1987) Hydrazine sulphate in cancer patients with weight loss A placebo-controlled clinical experience. Cancer 59, 406410.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Espat, NJ, Auffenberg, T, Rosenberg, JJ, Rogy, M, Martin, D, Fang, CH, Hasselgren, PO, Copeland, EM & Moldawer, LL (1996) Ciliary neurotrophic factor is catabolic and shares with IL-6 the capacity to induce an acute phase response. American Journal of Physiology 271, R185R190.Google ScholarPubMed
Evans, WK, Makuch, R, Clamon, GH, Feld, R, Weiner, RS, Moran, E, Blum, R, Shepherd, FA, Jeejeebhoy, KN & De wyss, WD (1985) Limited impact of total parenteral nutrition on nutritional status during treatment for small cell lung cancer. Cancer Research 45, 33473353.Google ScholarPubMed
Falconer, JS, Fearon, KCH, Plester, CE, Ross, JA & Carter, DC (1994) Cytokines, the acute-phase response, and resting energy expenditure in cachectic patients with pancreatic cancer. Annals of Surgery 219, 325331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falconer, JS, Fearon, KCH, Ross, JA, Elton, R, Wigmore, SJ, Garden, OJ & Carter, DC (1995) Acute-phase protein response and survival duration of patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer 75, 20772082.3.0.CO;2-9>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fearon, KCH & Carter, DC (1988) Cancer cachexia. Annals of Surgery 208, l5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fearon, KCH, Hansell, DT, Preston, P, Plumb, JA, Davies, J, Shapiro, D, Shenkin, A, Calman, KC & Burns, HJG (1988) Influence of whole body protein turnover rate on resting energy expenditure in patients with cancer. Cancer Research 48, 25902595.Google ScholarPubMed
Fischer, S & Weber, PC (1983) Thromboxane A3 (TXA3) is formed in human platelets after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (C20 : 5ω3). Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 116, 10911099.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, GA, Braden, G, Fitzgerald, DJ & Knapp, HR (1989) Fish oils in cardiovascular disease. Journal of Internal Medicine 225, Suppl. 1, 2529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, JN, Frier, BM, Armitage, M & Ashby, JP (1985) Abnormal insulin secretion in carcinoma of the pancreas: response to glucagon stimulation. Diabetic Medicine 2, 113116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gebbia, V, Testa, A & Gebbia, N (1996) Prospective randomised trial of two dose levels of megestrol acetate in the management of anorexia-cachexia syndrome in patients with metastatic cancer. British Journal of Cancer 73, 15761580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grunfeld, C & Feingold, LH (1992) Metabolic disturbances and wasting in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 327, 329337.Google ScholarPubMed
Grunfeld, C, Zhao, C, Fuller, J, Pollock, A, Moser, A, Freidman, J & Feingold, KR (1996) Endotoxin and cytokines induce expression of leptin, the ob gene product, in hamsters. A role for leptin in the anorexia of infection. Journal of Clinical Investigation 97, 21522157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gullo, L, Ancona, D, Pezzilli, R, Casadei, R & Campione, O (1993) Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in pancreatic cancer. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology 25, 487489.Google ScholarPubMed
Heinrich, PC, Castell, JV & Andus, T (1990) Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response. Journal of Biochemistry 265, 621636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hellerstein, MK, Meydani, SN, Meydani, M, Wu, K & Dinarello, CA (1989) Interleukin-1-induced anorexia in the rat. Influence of prostaglandins. Journal of Clinical Investigation 84, 228235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holian, O & Nelson, R (1992) Action of long-chain fatty acids on protein kinase C activity: Comparison of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Anticancer Research 12, 975980.Google ScholarPubMed
Holroyde, CP, Skutches, CL, Boden, G & Reichard, GA (1984) Glucose metabolism in cachectic patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer Research 44, 59105913.Google ScholarPubMed
Jeevanandam, M, Horowitz, GD, Lowry, SF & Brennan, MF (1986) Cancer cachexia and the rate of whole body lipolysis in man. Metabolism 35, 304310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kang, JX & Leaf, A (1996) Evidence that free polyunsaturated fatty acids modify Na+ channels by directly binding to the channel proteins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93, 35423546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, H, Dreyer, C, Medin, J, Mahfoudi, A, Ozato, K & Wahli, W (1993) Fatty acids and retinoids control lipid metabolism through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-retinoid X receptor heterodimers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90, 21602164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, S, Simes, J & Blackburn, GL (1986) Total parenteral nutrition and cancer clinical trials. Cancer 58, 13781386.3.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knapp, ML, Al-sheibani, S, Riches, PG, Hanham, IWF & Phillips, RH (1991) Hormonal factors associated with weight loss in patients with advanced breast cancer. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 28, 480486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurzrock, R, Redman, J, Cabanillas, F, Jones, D, Rothberg, J & Talpaz, M (1993) Serum interleukin 6 levels are elevated in lymphoma patients and correlate with survival in advanced Hodgkin's disease and with B symptoms. Cancer Research 53, 21182122.Google ScholarPubMed
Langstein, HN & Norton, JA (1991) Mechanisms of cancer cachexia. Hematology Oncology Clinics of North America 5, 103123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leaf, A & Weber, PC (1988) Cardiovascular effects of n-3 fatty acids. New England Journal of Medicine 318, 549557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, TH, Hoover, RL, Williams, JD, Sperling, RI, Ravalese, J, Spur, BW, Robinson, DR, Corey, EJ, Lewis, RA & Austin, KF (1985) Effect of dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on in vitro neutrophil and monocyte leukotriene generation and neutrophil function. New England Journal of Medicine 312, 12171224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipman, TO (1991) Clinical trials of nutritional support in cancer. Parenteral and enteral therapy. Hematology Oncology Clinics of North America 5, 91102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mcdevitt, TM, Todorov, PT, Beck, SA, Khan, SH & Tisdale, MJ (1995) Purification and characterisation of a lipid-mobilising factor associated with cachexia-inducing tumors in mice and humans. Cancer Research 55, 14581463.Google Scholar
McMillan, DN, Simpson, JM, Preston, T, Watson, WS, Fearon, KCH, Shenkin, A, Burns, HJG & McArdle, CS (1994) Effect of megestrol acetate on weight loss, body composition and blood screen of gastrointestinal cancer patients. Clinical Nutrition 13, 8589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNamara, MJ, Alexander, HR & Norton, JA (1992) Cytokines and their role in the pathophysiology of cancer cachexia. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 16, Suppl., 50S55S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahoney, SM, Beck, SA & Tisdale, MJ (1988) Comparison of weight loss induced by recombinant tumour necrosis factor with that produced by a cachexia-inducing tumour. British Journal of Cancer 57, 385389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melville, S, McNurlan, MA, Calder, AG & Garlick, PJ (1990) Increased protein turnover despite normal energy metabolism and responses to feeding in patients with lung cancer. Cancer Research 50, 11251131.Google ScholarPubMed
Meydani, SN, Lichtenstein, AH, Cornwall, S, Meydani, M, Goldin, BR, Rasmussen, H, Dinarello, CA & Schaefer, EJ (1993) Immunological effects of National Cholesterol Education Panel Step-2 diets with and without fish-derived n-3 fatty acid enrichment. Journal of Clinical Investigation 92, 105113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michie, HR, Spriggs, DR, Manogue, KR, Sherman, ML, Revhaug, A, O'Dwyer, ST, Arthur, K, Dinarello, CA, Cerami, A, Wolff, SM, Kufe, DW & Wilmore, DW (1988) Tumor necrosis factor and endotoxin induce similar metabolic responses in human beings. Surgery 104, 280286.Google ScholarPubMed
Nelson, KA, Walsh, D & Sheehan, FA (1994) The cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Journal of Clinical Oncology 12, 213225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ng, EH & Lowry, SF (1991) Nutritional support and cancer cachexia. Evolving concepts of mechanisms and adjunctive therapies. Hematology Oncology Clinics of North America 5, 161184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nixon, DW, Lawson, DH, Kutner, M, Ansley, J, Schwarz, M, Heymsfield, S, Chawla, R, Cartwright, TH & Rudman, D (1981) Hyperalimentation of the cancer patient with protein-calorie undernutrition. Cancer Research 41, 20382045.Google ScholarPubMed
Nordøy, A & Dyerberg, J (1989) n-3 Fatty acids in health and disease. Journal of Internal Medicine 225, Suppl. 1, 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oldenburg, HSA, Rogy, MA, Lazarus, DD, Van zee, KJ, Keeler, BP, Chizzonite, RA, Lowry, SF & Moldawer, LL (1993) Cachexia and the acute-phase protein response in inflammation are regulated by interleukin-6. European Journal of Immunology 23, 18891894.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Riordain, MG, Ross, JA, Fearon, KCH, Maingay, J, Farouk, M, Garden, OJ & Carter, DC (1995) Insulin and counterregulatory hormones influence acute-phase protein production in human hepatocytes. American Journal of Physiology 269, E323E330.Google ScholarPubMed
Oveson, L, Allingstrup, L, Hannibal, J, Mortensen, EL & Hansen, OP (1993 a) Effect of dietary counseling on food intake, body weight, response rate, survival, and quality of life in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: A prospective, randomised study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 11, 20432049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oveson, L, Hannibal, J & Mortensen, EL (1993 b) The interrelation- ship of weight loss, dietary intake, and quality of life in ambulatory patients with cancer of the lung, breast, and ovary. Nutrition and Cancer 19, 159167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, T, Fearon, KCH, McMillan, DC, Winstanley, FP, Slater, C, Shenkin, A & Carter, DC (1995) Effect of ibuprofen on the acute-phase response and protein metabolism in patients with cancer and weight loss. British Journal of Surgery 82, 229234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reeds, PJ, Field, CR & Jahoor, F (1994) Do the differences between the amino acid compositions of acute-phase and muscle proteins have a bearing on nitrogen loss in traumatic states? Journal of Nutrition 124, 906910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roubenoff, R, Roubenoff, RA, Ward, LM, Holland, SM & Hellman, DB (1992) Rheumatoid cachexia: Depletion of lean body mass in rheumatoid arthritis. Possible association with tumor necrosis factor. Journal of Rheumatology 19, 15051510.Google ScholarPubMed
Schaur, RJ, Fellier, H, Gleispach, H, Fink, E & Kronberger, L (1979) Tumor host relations. I. Increased plasma cortisol in tumor-bearing humans compared with patients with benign surgical diseases. Journal of Cancer Research Clinical Oncology 93, 281285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmitt, EB & Dyerberg, J (1989) n-3 Fatty acids and leukocytes. Journal of Internal Medicine 225, Suppl. 1, 151158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, SS, Zeidler, A, Moosa, AR, Kuku, SF & Rubenstein, AH (1978) A prospective study of glucose tolerance, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon responses in patients with pancreatic carcinoma. Digestive Disorders 23, 11071114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarz, MW, Seeley, RJ & Woods, SC (1997) Wasting illness as a disorder of body weight regulation. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56, 785791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, JHF & Wolfe, RR (1987) Glucose and urea kinetics in patients with early and advanced gastrointestinal cancer: The response to glucose infusion, parenteral feeding, and surgical resection. Surgery 101, 181191.Google ScholarPubMed
Simons, JPFHA, Aaronson, NK, Vansteenkiste, JF, ten velde, GPM, Muller, MJ, Drenth, BM, Erdkamp, FLG, Cobben, EGM, Schoon, EJ, Smeets, JBE, Schouten, HC, Demedts, M, Hillen, HFP, Blijham, GH & Wouters, EFM (1996) Effects of medroxyprogesterone acetate on appetite, weight, and quality of life in advanced-stage non-hormone-sensitive cancer: A placebo-controlled multicenter study. Journal of Clinical Oncology 14, 10771084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soda, K, Kawakami, M, Kashii, A & Miyata, M (1994) Characterization of mice bearing subclones of colon 26 adenocarcinoma disqualifies interleukin-6 as the sole inducer of cachexia. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 85, 11241130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Speizer, LA, Watson, MJ & Brunton, LL (1991) Differential effects of omega-3 fish oils on protein kinase activities in vitro. American Journal of Physiology 261, E109E114.Google ScholarPubMed
Staal-van den Brekel, AJ, Dentener, MA, Schols, AMWJ, Buurman, WA & Wouters, EFM (1995) Increased resting energy expenditure and weight loss are related to a systemic inflammatory response in lung cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Oncology 13, 26002605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stames, HF, Warren, RS, Jeevanandam, M, Gabrilove, JL, Larchian, W, Oettgen, HF & Brennan, MF (1988) Tumor necrosis factor and the acute metabolic response to tissue injury in man. Journal of Clinical Investigation 82, 13211325.Google Scholar
Strassmann, G, Fong, M, Kenney, JS & Jacob, CO (1992) Evidence for the involvement of interleukin 6 in experimental cancer cachexia. Journal of Clinical Investigation 89, 16811684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sumida, C, Vallette, G & Nune, EA (1993) Interaction of unsaturated fatty acids with rat liver glucocorticoid receptors: studies to localise the site of interaction. Acta Endocrinologica 129, 348355.Google ScholarPubMed
Tisdale, MJ (1993) Mechanism of lipid mobilisation associated with cancer cachexia: Interaction between the polyunsaturated fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and inhibitory guanine nucleotide-regulatory protein. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 48, 105109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tisdale, MJ (1996) Induction of lipolysis and muscle protein degradation by EPA in cancer cachexia. Nutrition 12, Suppl., 531533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todorov, P, Cariuk, P, McDevitt, T, Coles, B, Fearon, KCH & Tisdale, M (1996) Characterisation of a cancer cachectic factor. Nature 379, 739742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vallette, G, Vanet, A, Sumida, C & Nunez, EA (1991) Modulatory effects of unsaturated fatty acids on the binding of glucocorticoids to rat liver glucocorticoid receptors. Endocrinology 129, 13631369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vlassara, H, Spiegel, RJ, San Doval, D & Cerami, A (1986) Reduced plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in patients with malignancy-associated weight loss. Hormone and Metabolic Research 18, 698703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, S (1935) The immediate causes of death in cancer. American Journal of Medical Sciences 184, 610616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watters, JM, Bessey, PQ, Dinarello, CA, Wolff, SM & Wilmore, DW (1986) Both inflammatory and endocrine mediators stimulate host responses to sepsis. Archives of Surgery 121, 179190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wigmore, SJ, Fearon, KCH, Maingay, JP & Ross, JA (1997 a) Down-regulation of the acute-phase response in patients with pancreatic cancer cachexia receiving oral eicosapentaenoic acid is mediated via suppression of interleukin-6. Clinical Science 92, 215221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wigmore, SJ, Fearon, KCH & Ross, JA (1997 b) Modulation of human hepatocyte acute phase protein production in vitro by n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Annals of Surgery 225, 103111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wigmore, SJ, Fearon, KCH, Ross, JA & Carter, DC (1996 a) Eicosapentaenoic acid, cytokines and the acute-phase protein response in pancreatic cancer. British Journal of Surgery 83, 16491650.Google Scholar
Wigmore, SJ, Plester, CE, Richardson, RA & Fearon, KCH (1997 c) Changes in nutritional status associated with unresectable pancreatic cancer. British Journal of Cancer 75, 106109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wigmore, SJ, Plester, CE, Ross, JA & Fearon, KCH (1997 d) Contribution of anorexia and hypermetabolism to weight loss in anicteric patients with pancreatic cancer. British Journal of Surgery 84, 196197.Google ScholarPubMed
Wigmore, SJ, Ross, JA, Falconer, JS, Plester, CE, Tisdale, MJ, Carter, DC & Fearon, KCH (1996 b) The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the progress of cachexia in patients with pancreatic cancer. Nutrition 12, Suppl., S27S30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wigmore, SJ, Ross, JA, Fearon, KCH, Maingay, JP & Carter, DC (1994) Pancreatic cancer cells stimulate C-reactive protein production in isolated hepatocytes via IL-6 or IL-8. British Journal of Surgery 81, 1814.Google Scholar
Yasumoto, K, Mukaida, N, Harada, A, Kumo, K, Akiyamn, M, Nahashima, E, Fujioka, N, Mai, M, Kashahara, T, Fujimoto-Ouchi, K, Mori, K, Tanaka, Y & Matsuhima, K (1995) Molecular analysis of the cytokine network involved in cachexia in colon 26 adenocarcinoma-bearing mice. Cancer Research 35, 921927.Google Scholar