Protein-specific under-nutrition is considered to affect 10–20 % of UK older adults⁽ Reference Cowan, Roberts, Fitzpatrick, While and Baldwin ^{1 )}, with potential detriments to health and wellbeing⁽ Reference Cowan, Roberts, Fitzpatrick, While and Baldwin ^{1 ,} Reference Wolfe ^{2 )}. This under-nutrition is considered to result, at least in part, from low protein intakes⁽ Reference Cowan, Roberts, Fitzpatrick, While and Baldwin ^{1 ,} Reference Leslie ^{3 )}. Various studies demonstrate the value of a variety of strategies based on improving food and dining experiences for increasing protein intakes⁽ Reference Leslie ^{3 ,} Reference Abbott, Whear and Thompson-Coon ^{4 )}. Our studies demonstrate increased protein intakes in older adults following the addition of sauce to a lunch meal⁽ Reference Appleton ^{5 ,} Reference Best and Appleton ^{6 )}, but while effects are largely demonstrated in the manipulated meal, benefits may be easily reduced by compensation or adjustment at subsequent (non-manipulated) meals. This study investigated the impact of adding sauce to an older persons' lunch meal on intake at that meal and at the following meal.

Using a repeated measures design, 56 community-dwelling older adults consumed a traditional hot lunch meal with sauce and without sauce on two separate occasions, and intakes at lunch and at the following evening buffet meal were measured.

In the whole group (final N = 52), significantly more protein was consumed at the lunch meal with sauce compared to without sauce (t(51) = 2·09, p = 0·04). Individual differences however, were also found. For some participants (N = 26), significantly higher protein and energy intakes were found following sauce (12·3 g protein, 381kJ), while for others (N = 19), the addition of sauce resulted in lower protein and energy intakes (7 g protein, 297kJ). Seven participants demonstrated no effect. Intakes at the evening meal and overall (lunch + evening meal) also followed the same pattern: those who responded to the sauce manipulation with an increase in protein intake consumed more protein and energy overall following the sauce (11 g protein, 420kJ), while those who consumed less protein at lunch following the sauce manipulation did so again overall (7 g protein, 350kJ). Compensation for earlier intakes was thus very poor (0–17 %) for both groups.

An absence of effects in overall intakes in these data have previously been reported⁽ Reference Appleton ^{7 )} having analysed the group as a whole at both lunch and evening meal. Investigating individual responses however, there are strong individual differences, and sustained effects over time. These findings suggest that the addition of sauce to an older persons' lunch meal can increase protein intakes at that meal, as has previously been demonstrated⁽ Reference Appleton ^{5 ,} Reference Best and Appleton ^{6 )}, but that this intervention is more beneficial for some than for others. Furthermore, effects were sustained across the following meal, thus benefits that were found, were maintained. Poor compensation for earlier intakes in older adults has previously been reported⁽ Reference Abbott, Whear and Thompson-Coon ^{4 )}, but this study also extends this earlier work through consideration of protein intake during meals.