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Random Coincidences Or: the return of the Celtic to Iron Age Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Raimund Karl*
Affiliation:
University of Wales, Bangor, School of History, Welsh History & Archaeology, Ogwen Building, Siliwen Road, Bangor Wales LL57 2DG Email

Abstract

This paper examines whether there really are fundamental differences between a Celtic model of social organisation and the observations made by J.D. Hill about PRIA social organisation in southern England. Hill's alternative model, which in his opinion seems to be fundamentally at odds with what can be learned from Celtic sources, is characterised by the importance of three main factors. These are the essentially ideological, east-facing orientation of Iron Age houses and enclosed settlements, the ideological boundedness of individual homesteads, and the household as the centre of production. Yet, an examination of the medieval Irish andWelsh literature reveals that these three fundamental characteristics also seem to define the societies described in the Celtic texts. However, while the household is the central independent social and economic unit, the medieval texts also put great emphasis on kinship, with kin-groups fulfilling important, complementary roles for the individual households. It is examined whether a kind of society that is not dominated by either households or kinship, but by both households and kinship, can successfully explain all the archaeological phenomena observable in PRIA Britain, including different ‘hillforts’ possibly fulfilling several different functions. The striking similarities that can be found between the kinds of societies proposed by Hill as inhabiting PRIA Britain and those described in the medieval Irish and Welsh sources force us to consider whether the Celtic should not better be returned to PRIA Britain, and whether the ‘different Iron Ages’ were not that different after all.

Résumé

Cette étude examine s'il existe vraiment des différences fondamentales entre un modèle celtique d‘organistion sociale et les observations faites par J.D. Hill sur l'organisation sociale de l'âge du fer préromain dans l'Angleterre du sud. L'autre modèle de Hill, qui, à son avis, semble être fondamentalement en désaccord avec ce qu'on peut apprendre des sources celtiques, se caractérise par l'importance de trois principaux facteurs. Ce sont l'orientation essentiellement idéologique, ouverte à l'est, des maisons et des occupations à enclos de l'âge du fer, les limites idéologiques des fermes individuelles, et le ménage comme centre de production. Cependant, un examen de la littérature médiévale irlandaise et galloise révèle que ces trois traits fondamentaux semblent également caractériser les sociétés décrites dans les textes celtiques. Toutefois, tandis que le ménage constitue le centre indépendant de l'unité sociale et économique, les textes médiévaux accordent également beaucoup d'importance à la parenté, les groupes familiaux remplissant des rôles importants, complémentaires pour les ménages individuels. On examine si un type de société qui n'est ni dominé par le ménage, ni par la parenté, mais à la fois par le ménage et la parenté, peut apporter une explication satisfaisante à tous les phénomènes archéologiques observables dans la Grande-Bretagne de l'âge du fer pré-romain, y compris diverses ‘forteresses’ de sommet de colline qui remplissent peut-être plusieurs fonctions différentes. Les similitudes frappantes qu'on peut trouver entre les types de sociétés qui, selon Hill, habitaient la Grande-Bretagne de l'âge du fer pré-romain et ceux décrits dans les sources médiévales irlandaises et galloises nous contraignent à nous demander s'il ne vaudrait pas mieux rendre le celtique à la Grande-Bretagne de l'âge du fer pré-romain et si, après tout, les divers âges du fer ne sont peut-être pas si différents que cela

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel untersucht, ob es wirklich grundlegende Unterschiede zwischen einem Keltischen Modell sozialer Organisation und den Beobachtungen zur PRIA sozialen Organisation in Südengland von J.D. Hill gibt. Hills alternatives Modell, das nach seiner Meinung grundlegend im Widerspruch zu dem zu stehen scheint, was man aus den Keltischen Quellen herausarbeiten kann, ist durch drei, im wesentlichen ideologischen Hauptfaktoren gekennzeichnet: die östliche Ausrichtung der eisenzeitlichen Häuser und befestigten Siedlungen, die ideologische Beschränktheit einzelner Haustätte, und die Konzeption des Haushaltes als Produktionszentrum. Eine Untersuchung der mittelalterlichen Irischen und Walisischen Literatur zeigt aber, dass sich diese grundlegenden Merkmale auch bei den Beschreibungen der Gesellschaften in den Keltischen Texten wieder finden. Während auch hier der Haushalt als die zentrale und unabhängige soziale und wirtschaftliche Einheit dargestellt wird, betonen die mittelalterlichen Texte jedoch sehr stark die Verwandtschaft und dass hierbei Verwandtschaftsgruppen für die einzelnen Haushalte wichtige und komplementäre Rollen einnehmen. Es wird weiterhin untersucht, ob eine Gesellschaft, die weder von Haushalten noch von Verwandtschaftsstrukturen, sondern von beiden dominiert ist, die archäologischen Phänomene erklären kann, die in PRIA Britannien beobachtet werden können – einschließlich der wahrscheinlich multi-funktionalen Festungswerke. Die augenscheinlichen Ähnlichkeiten zwischen den von Hill in PRIA Brittannien siedelnden Gesellschaften und denjenigen, die in mittelalterlichen Irischen und Walisischen Quellen beschrieben werden, legen es nahe zu überlegen, ob das Keltische nicht besser ins PRIA Brittannien zurück gebracht werden sollte, und ob die ‘unterschiedlichen Eisenzeiten’ letzten Endes doch nicht so unterschiedlich waren.

Résumen

Este trabajo examina si en realidad existen diferencias fundamentales entre un modelo celta de organización social y las observaciones hechas por J.D. Hill sobre la organización social de la Edad del Hierro Pre-romana (PRIA o Pre Roman Iron Age) en el sur de Inglaterra. El modelo alternativo de Hill, que en su opinión parece estar fundamentalmente en desacuerdo con lo que se puede aprender de las fuentes celtas, se caracteriza por la importancia de tres factores principales. Estos son la orientación esencialmente ideológica de las casas y asentamientos vallados de la Edad del Hierro hacia el este, el cercado ideológico de las granjas individuales, y el hogar como centro de producción. Sin embargo, un examen de la literatura medieval irlandesa y galesa revela que estas tres características fundamentales también parecen definir las sociedades descritas en los textos celtas. No obstante, mientras que el hogar es la unidad social y económica central e independiente, los textos medievales también ponen gran énfasis en el parentesco, y en los grupos familiares que cumplen papeles importantes y complementarios para los hogares individuales. Se examina si un tipo de sociedad que no esta dominada ni por los hogares ni por el parentesco, sino por ambos hogares y parentesco, puede explicar con éxito todos los fenómenos arqueológicos que se observan en la Edad del Hierro pre-romana en las Islas Británicas, incluidos los diferentes “fuertes” que posiblemente cumplían varias funciones. Las llamativas similitudes que se encuentran entre los tipos de sociedad propuestos por Hill como pobladores de las Islas Británicas en la Edad del Hierro pre-romana y aquellas descritas en las fuentes medievales irlandesas y galesas nos obligan a considerar si lo celta no debiera ser devuelto a la Edad del Hierro pre-romana en las Islas Británicas, y si las ‘diferentes Edades del Hierro’ no son tan diferentes al fin y al cabo.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2008

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