Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-cjp7w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-02T16:20:29.289Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Mortuary Ritual of 4th Millennium bc Malta: the Zebbug Period Chambered Tomb from the Brochtorff Circle at Xaghra (Gozo)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

Caroline Malone
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Bristol
Simon Stoddart
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Bristol
Anthony Bonanno
Affiliation:
Department of Classics and Archaeology, University of Malta
Tancred Gouder
Affiliation:
National Museum of Archaeology, Valletta
David Trump
Affiliation:
Board of Continuing Education, University of Cambridge

Abstract

As part of the research of the joint Anglo-Maltese project on the island of Gozo, a Zebbug period rock-cut tomb was discovered in the south-east corner of the Brochtorff Circle. The integrity of this tomb and the interdisciplinary approach applied to its study make it a unique find from the Maltese islands and rare within the southern central Mediterranean.

The article presents the stratigraphy, pottery, stone, shell and bone artefacts, skeletal remains, animal bone, molluscan samples, and radiocarbon dates from the tomb. At the same time the significance of the tomb for the formative phases of collective burial, exchange and symbolic processes in the central Mediterranean and the origins of Maltese insularity is explained.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Atzeni, E. 19731974. Nuovi idoli della Sardegna prenuragica. Studi Sardi 23, 351.Google Scholar
Baldacchino, J. G. & Evans, J. D. 1954. Prehistoric Tombs near Zebbug. Papers of the British School at Rome 22 (ns) 9, 121.Google Scholar
Bonanno, A., Gouder, T., Malone, C. & Stoddart, S. 1990. Monuments in an island society: the Maltese context. World Archaeology 22, 190205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgognini Tarli, S. M. 1992. Aspetti antropologici e paleodemografici dal Paleolitico superiore alia prima età del ferro. In Guidi, A. & Piperno, M. (eds), Italia Preistorica, 238–73. Roma–Bari: Editori Laterza.Google Scholar
Brothwell, D. R. 1972. Digging up Bones. (2nd edn) London: British Museum (Natural History).Google Scholar
Cassano, S. M., Manfredini, A. & Quojani, F. 1975. Recenti ricerche nelle necropoli eneolitiche della Conca d'Oro. Scavi nella necropoli di Uditore e prospettive di inquadramento cronologico delle più antiche facies della Conca d'Oro. Indagine nella necropoli di Capaci. Nuovi aspetti locali e loro connessioni con la cultura della Conca d'Oro. Origini 9 153271.Google Scholar
Cesari, J. 1992. Nouveaux acquis de la prehistoire corse. in Rosello-Bordoy, G. (ed.), La Prehistoria de les llles de la Mediterrania Occidental. 5581, X Jornades d'Estudis Histories Locals, Palma di Mallorca 29–31 Octubre 1991. Palma di Mallorca.Google Scholar
Cipolloni Sampò, M. 1992. Il Neolitico nell'Italia meridionale e in Sicilia. In Guidi, A. & Piperno, M. (eds), Italia Preistorica, 334–65. Roma-Bari: Editori Laterza.Google Scholar
De Lucia, , Ferri, D., Geniola, A., Giove, C., Maggiore, M., Melone, N., Pesce Delfino, V., Pieri, P. & Scattarella, V. 1977. La communità neolitica di Cala Colombo presso Torre a Mare (Bari). Contributo del Gruppo interdisciplinare di Storia delle civiltà antiche dell'Università degli studi di Bari. (Società di Storia patria per la Puglia Documenti e Monografie Vol. 42). Bari, Tip. Mare S. N. C.Google Scholar
Duhig, C. 1993. The skeletal remains. In Alexander, M. (ed.) St Neots Priory. Cambridge: Cambridgeshire County Council.Google Scholar
Duhig, C. nd. The skeletal report from the megalithic cemetery of Bougon, Deux Sèvres, France. Unpublished archive report.Google Scholar
Evans, J. D. 1953. The prehistoric culture sequence in the Maltese archipelago. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 19, 4194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, J. D. 1971. The Prehistoric Antiquities of the Maltese Islands. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Geniola, A. 1979. Il neolitico in Puglia settentrionale. In Adamesteanu, D., Biancofiore, F., Cremonesi, G., F., d'Andria, Geniola, A. & Cesnola, A. Palma di (eds), La Puglia dal Paleolitico al Tardo Romano, 5293. Milano: Electra Editrice.Google Scholar
Goffer, Z. 1980. Archaeological Chemistry. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Goldstein, L. 1981. One-dimensional archaeology and multidimensional people: spatial organisation and mortuary analysis. In Chapman, R., Kinnes, I. & Randsborg, K. (eds), The Archaeology of Death, 5369. Cambridge: University Press.Google Scholar
Goodman, A. H. & Capasso, L. L. (eds) 1992. Recent Contributions to the Study of Enamel Developmental Defects. Journal of Palaeopathology Monographic Publications 2. Chieti: Associazione Antropologia Abruzzese.Google Scholar
Hedges, J. W. 1984. Tomb of the Eagles: A Window on Stone Age Tribal Britain. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 1987. Factors determining the state of preservation of human remains. In Boddington, A., Garland, A. N. and Janaway, R. C. (eds). Death, Decay and Reconstruction. Approaches to Archaeology and Forensic Science, 4354. Manchester: University Press.Google Scholar
Houghton, P. 1974. The relationship of the preauricular groove of the ilium to pregnancy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 41, 382–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, R. G. & Crus-Uribe, K. 1984. The Analysis of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Krogman, W. M. & Iscan, M. Y. 1986. The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine (2nd edn). Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Lahr, M. 1987. Analysis of Human Skeletal Material from the Ketchipauan Site. Unpublished M.Phil dissertation: University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Leighton, R. 1989. Ground stone tools from Serra Orlando (Morgantina) and stone axe studies in Sicily and southern Italy. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 55, 135–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leighton, R. 1992. Stone axes and exchange in south Italian prehistory: new evidence from old collections. Accordia Research Papers 3, 1140.Google Scholar
Leighton, R. & Dixon, J. E. 1992a. Alcune considerazioni sulle asce levigate in Italia Meridionale ed in Sicilia. In Herring, E., Whitehouse, R. & Wilkins, J. (eds), Papers of the Fourth Conference of Italian Archaeology 3. New Developments in Italian Archaeology, part 1, 1928. London: Accordia Research Centre.Google Scholar
Leighton, R. & Dixon, J. E. 1992b. Jade and greenstone in the prehistory of Sicily and southern Italy. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 11, 178200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leighton, R. & Dixon, J. E. nd. Ground stone tools from Lipari and the Aeolian Islands. Unpublished report.Google Scholar
Lilliu, G. 1988. La Civiltà dei Sardi dal Paleolitico all'Età dei Nuraghi. (3rd edn). Torino: Nuova Edizioni Radiotelevisione Italiana.Google Scholar
Lo Porto, G. 1972. La tomba neolitica con idolo in pietra di Arnesano (Lecce). Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche 27, 357–72.Google Scholar
Malone, C. A. T. 1980. Prehistoric Sicilian Rock-cut Tombs: an Archaeological Problem. Unpublished BA Dissertation, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Malone, C., Bonanno, A., Gouder, T., Stoddart, S., & Trump, D. 1993. The death cults of prehistoric Malta. Scientific American 269, 7683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maniscalco, L. 1989. Ocher containers and trade in the Central Mediterranean Copper Age. American Journal of Archaeology 93, 537–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quagliati, Q. 1906. Tombe neolitiche in Taranto e nel suo territorio. Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana 32, 1749.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. C. 1972. Malta and the calibrated radiocarbon chronology. Antiquity 46, 199211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robb, J. 1991. Neolithic skeletal material remains from the Grotta Scaloria: the 1979 excavations. Rivista di Antropologia 69, 111–24.Google Scholar
Robb, J., Mallegni, F. & Ronco, D. 1991. New human remains from the southern Italian Neolithic: Ripa Tetta and Latronico. Rivista di Antropologia 69, 125–44.Google Scholar
Skeates, R. 1991. Triton's trumpet: a Neolithic symbol in Italy. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10, 1731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skeates, R. 1996. Animate objects: a biography of prehistoric ‘axe-amulets’ in the central Mediterranean region. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 61, 279301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skeates, R. & Whitehouse, R. (eds) 1994. Radiocarbon dating and Italian Prehistory. Archaeological Monographs of the British School at Rome 8; Accordia Specialist Studies in Italy 3. London: British School at Rome/Accordia Research Centre.Google Scholar
Steele, D. G. & Bramblett, C. A. 1988. The Anatomy and Biology of the Human Skeleton. College Station, Texas: Texas A and M Press.Google Scholar
Stoddart, S., Bonanno, A., Gouder, T., Malone, C. & Trump, D. 1993. Cult in an island society: prehistoric Malta in the Tarxien period. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 3, 319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuart-Macadam, P. 1982. A Correlative Study of a Palaeopathology of the Skull. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis: University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sullivan, A. P. 1978. Inference and evidence in archaeology: a discussion of the conceptual problems. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 1, 183222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiné, S. 19601961. Giacimenti dell'etá del rame in Sicilia e la ‘Cultura tipo Conca d'Oro’. Relazione preliminare degli scavi eseguiti nel quinquennio 1954–1959. Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana 13, 113–37.Google Scholar
Tiné, S. 1962. Le tombe dell'eneolitico a Tranchina. Kokalos 13–14, 227–33.Google Scholar
Trump, D. H. 1966. Skorba. Oxford: Report of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 22.Google Scholar
Tusa, S. 1992. La Sicilia nella Preistoria. Palermo: Sellerio Editore. 2nd edn.Google Scholar
Ubelaker, D. H. 1989. Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation. Manuals on Archaeology 2. Washington: Taraxacum-Smithsonian Institute.Google Scholar
Waldron, A. 1987. The relative survival of the human skeleton: implications for palaeopathology. In Boddington, A., Garland, A.N. & Janaway, R.C. (eds), Death, Decay and Reconstruction. Approaches to Archaeology and Forensic Science, 149–62. Manchester: University Press.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, R. 1972. The rock-cut tombs of the central Mediterranean. Antiquity 46, 275–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehouse, R. 1981. Megaliths of the central Mediterranean. In Evans, J. D., Cunliffe, B. W. & Renfrew, A. C. (eds), Antiquity and Man. Essays in Honour of Glyn Daniel, 106127. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar