Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-7tdvq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-15T05:21:25.916Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Critique

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2011

F. T. Last
F. T. Last
Affiliation:
Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JU, U.K. Department of Agriculture and Environmental Science, The University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.
Get access

Extract

The first part of the fifth and final day of Acidic Deposition: Its Nature and Impacts was devoted to a discussion of three questions:

(1) What is now known of the nature and impacts of acidic deposition (recognising that effects on materials and buildings were being discussed for the first time in the series of international conferences of which Acidic Deposition was the latest)?

(2) Where are the gaps in knowledge perceived to be?

(3) Is it necessary to fill some or all of the gaps/are the gaps worth filling?

To a significant extent the answers to these questions influence the reactions of the lay public and their political representatives, but it has to be recognised that the politics of acidic deposition have, on occasion, outpaced scientific comprehension largely because of the inability/unwillingness of scientists to communicate. This is a serious weakness, particularly in relation to pollution and other environmental issues where the problems are complex and cannot be conceived in terms of black and white.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B: Biological Sciences , Volume 97: Acidic Deposition: Its Nature and Impacts , 1990 , pp. 273 - 324
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aber, J. D., Knute, J., Nadelhoffer, P. S. & Melillo, J. M. 1989. Nitrogen saturation in northern forest ecosystems. Bioscience 36, 378–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, R. M., Glyer, J. D. and McCarl, B. A. 1988. The NCLAN economic assessment: approach, findings and implications. In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants, pp. 473–504, ed Heck, W. W., Taylor, O. C. & Tingey, D. T. London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ägren, G. I. & Bosatta, E. 1988. Nitrogen saturation of terrestrial ecosystems. Enviromental Pollution 54, 185–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, S. 1988. Long-term changes (1930–32 to 1984) in the acid-base status of forest soils in the Adirondacks of New York. Ph. D. dissertation. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Andersson, F. 1986. Acidic deposition and its effects on the forests of Nordic Europe. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 30, 17–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anon. 1986. The role of ammonia in acidification in the Netherlands. The Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment.Google Scholar
Arnolds, E. 1991. Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 35, 209–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auclair, A. N. D. 1987. The distribution of forest declines in eastern Canada. In Forest Decline and Reproduction: Regional and Global Consequences, pp. 307–19. eds Kairiukstis, L., Nilsson, S. & Straszak, A. Laxenburg: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.Google Scholar
Avery, B. W. 1980. Soil classification for England and Wales. Soil Survey Technical Monograph No. 14. Harpenden: Soil Survey of England and Wales.Google Scholar
Barnes, J. D. & Davison, A. W. 1988. The influence of ozone on the winter hardiness of Norway spruce (Picea abies) L. Karst. New Phytologist 108, 156–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Battarbee, R. W. 1984. Diatom analysis and the acidification of lakes. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society of London 305B, 451–77.Google Scholar
Battarbee, R. W., Flower, R. J., Stevenson, A. C., Jones, V. J., Harriman, R. & Appleby, P. G. 1988. Diatom and chemical evidence for reversibility of acidification of Scottish lochs. Nature (London) 332, 530–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beamish, R. J. & Harvey, H. H. 1972. Acidification of the La Cloche Mountain Lakes, Ontario and resulting fish mortalities. Journal Fisheries Research Board Canada 29, 1131–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benarie, M. M. 1980. Attempt of classification of air pollution climate. WMO Technical Conference. Regional and global observation of atmospheric pollution relative to climate. Boulder, USA 1979.Google Scholar
Bengtsson, G. 1985. Skogsskador Sverige 1984–en riksinventering. Skogsfakta Konferens 8. Uppsala.Google Scholar
Berden, M., Nilsson, S. I., Rosen, K. & Tyler, G. 1987. Soil acidification: extent causes and consequences. An evaluation of literature information and current research. Report 3292 National Swedish Environment Protection Board, Solna.Google Scholar
Billet, M. F., Parker, J. F., Fitzpatrick, E. A. & Cresser, M. S. 1990. Forest soil chemical changes between 1949/50 and 1987. Journal of Soil Science 41, 133–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, C. R. 1984. The effect of air pollutants on apparent respiration. In, Gaseous Air Pollutants and Plant Metabolism, pp. 231–48, eds Koziol, M. J. & Whatley, F. R. London: Butterworths.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blank, L. W., Roberts, T. M. & Skeffington, R. A. 1988. New perspectives on forest decline. Nature (London) 336, 27–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brogger, W. C. 1881. Notes on a contaminated snowfall. Nature 5, 47.Google Scholar
Brown, D. J. A., Howells, G. D. & Paterson, K. 1987 a. The Loch Fleet Project. In Acidification and Water Pathways. Norwegian National Committee for Hydrology, Oslo.Google Scholar
Brown, D. J. A., Roberts, T. M. & Blank, L. W. 1987 b. Interactions between ozone and cold sensitivity in Norway spruce: a factor contributing to the forest decline in central Europe. New Phytologist 105, 149–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, D. J. A., Freer-Smith, P. H., Howells, G. D., Skeffington, R. A. and Wilson, R. B. 1988. Rapporteurs report on discussions at the Workshop on Excess Nitrogen Deposition, Leatherhead September 1987. Environmental Pollution 54, 285–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buijsman, E. 1987. Ammonia emission calculation: fiction and reality. In Ammonia and Acidification RIVM/TNO, pp. 13–28 eds. Asman, W. A. H. & Diederen, H. S. M. A. EURASAP Symposium, Bilthoven, April 1987.Google Scholar
Buijsman, E., Maas, J. F. M. & Asman, W. A. H. 1985. Ammonia emission in Europe. (R-85–1, EMEP-annex), Institute for Meterology and Oceanography, National University, Utrecht.Google Scholar
Butlin, R. N. 1991. Effects of air pollutants on buildings and materials. Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B (for 1990) 255–72.Google Scholar
Chadwick, M. J. & Kuylenstierna, J. C. I. 1990. The relative sensitivity of ecosystems in Europe to acidic depositions. A preliminary assessment of the sensitivity of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm.Google Scholar
Christophersen, N., Seip, H. M. & Wright, R. F. 1982. A model for stream-water chemistry at Birkenes, Norway. Water Resource Research 18, 977–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colls, J. J., Geissler, P. A. & Baker, C. K. 1991. Use of a field release system to distinguish the effects of dose and concentration of sulphur dioxide on winter barley. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (at press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosby, B. J., Hornberger, G. M., Galloway, J. N. & Wright, R. F. 1985. Modelling the effects of acid deposition: assessment of a lumped-parameter model of soilwater and streamwater chemistry. Water Resource Research 21, 51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosby, B. J., Whitehead, P. G. & Neale, R. 1986. A preliminary model of long-term changes in southwestern Scotland. Journal of Hydrology 84, 381–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowling, E. B. 1980. An historical résumé of progress in scientific and public understanding of acid precipitation and its biological consequences. Research Report 18 SNSF project (sur nedøeks virkning på skog og fisk) As, Oslo.Google Scholar
Cowling, J. E. & Kedrowksi, R. A. 1980. Winter water relations of native and introduced evergreens in interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany 58, 94–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cresser, M. S., Pugh, K. B. & Edwards, A. C. 1987. Soils and surface water quality in northeastern Scotland. Transactions Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 78, 399–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crossley, A. & Fowler, D. 1986. The weathering of Scots pine epicuticular wax in polluted and clean air. New Phytologist 103, 207–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darall, N. M. 1989. The effects of air pollutants on physiological processes in plants. Plant, Cell and Environment 12, 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickson, W. 1975. The acidification of Swedish lakes. Report Institute Freshwater Research Drottningholm 54, 8–20.Google Scholar
Dighton, J., Skeffington, R. A. & Brown, K. A. 1986. The effects of sulphuric acid (pH 3) on roots and mycorrhizas of Pinus sylveslris. In Physiological and Genetical Aspects of Mycorrhizae, pp. 739–43, eds Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. & Gianinazzi, S. Paris: INRA.Google Scholar
Dillon, P. J., Reid, R. A. & Girard, R. 1986. Changes in the chemistry of lakes near Sudbury, Ontario following reductions in SO2 emissions. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 31, 59–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillon, P. J., Reid, R. A. & de Grosbois, E. 1987. The rate of acidification of aquatic ecosystems in Ontario. Canada. Nature (London) 329, 45–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobson, A., Jolly, A. & Rubenstein, D. 1989. The Greenhouse Effect and Biological Diversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4, 64–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DoE/FC 1990. Forest and surface water acidification. London: Department of the Environment.Google Scholar
Dohmen, G. P. 1988. Indirect effects of air pollutants: changes in plant/parasite interactions. Environmental Pollution 53, 197–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dohmen, G. P., McNeill, S. & Bell, J. N. B. 1984. Air pollution increases Aphis fabae pest potential. Nature (London) 307, 52–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dollard, G. J., Unsworth, M. H. & Harvey, M. J. 1983. Pollutant transfer in upland regions by occult precipitation. Nature (London) 302, 241–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driscoll, C. T., Likens, G. E., Hedin, L. O.. Eaton, J. S. & Bormann, F. H. 1989. Changes in the chemistry of surface waters. Environmental Science and Technology 23, 137–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duyzer, J. H.. Bowman, A. M. H., Diederen, H. M. S. & von Aalst, R. M. 1987. Measurements of dry deposition velocities of NH3 and NH4 over natural terrains. Research Report No. 1287–273 Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research.Google Scholar
Ehhalt, D. H., Dorn, H.-P. & Poppe, D. 1991. The chemistry of the hydroxyl radical in the troposphere. Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B, (for 1990) 17–34.Google Scholar
Ellenberg, H. 1985. Veranderungen der Flora Mitteleuropas unter dem Einfluss von Dungung und Immissionen. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwirtschaft 136, 19–39.Google Scholar
Ellenberg, H., 1987. Floristic changes due to eutrophication. In Ammonia and Acidification, pp. 301–5, eds Asman, W. A. H. & Diederen, S. M. A. Proc. EUROSAP Symposium, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Falkengren-Grerup, U. 1986. Soil acidification and vegetation changes in deciduous forest in southern Sweden. Oecologia 70, 339–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flückiger, W. & Braun, S. 1986. Effect of air pollutants on insects and hostplant/insect relationships. In Proceedings Workshop within framework of Concerted Action “Effects of Air Pollution on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems”, Riso, Denmark March 1986. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels.Google Scholar
Fowler, D., Cape, J. N., Deans, J. D., Leith, I. D., Murray, M. B., Smith, R. I., Sheppard, L. J. & Unsworth, M. H. 1989. Effects of acid mist on the frost hardiness of red spruce seedlings. New Phytologist 113, 321–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowler, D., Duyzer, J. H. & Baldocchi, D. 1991. Inputs of trace gases, particles and cloud droplets to terrestrial surfaces. Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B (for 1990) 35–59.Google Scholar
Freer-Smith, P. H. 1983. Chronic pollution injury to some tree species in response to SO2 and NO2 mixtures. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Lancaster.Google Scholar
Friedland, A. J., Gregory, R. A. KÄrenlampi, L. & Johnson, A. H. 1984. Winter damage to foliage as a factor in red spruce decline. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 14, 963–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galloway, J. N. & Rodhe, H. 1991. Regional atmospheric budgets of S and N fluxes: how well can they be quantified? Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B (for 1990), 61–80.Google Scholar
Garland, J. A. 1978. Dry and wet removal of sulphur from the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 12, 349–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gherini, S. A., Mok, L., Hudson, R. J., Davis, G. F., Chen, C. W. & Goldstein, R. A. 1985. The ILWAS model: formulation and application. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 26, 425–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorham, E. 1955. On the acidity and salinity of rain. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 7, 231–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grahn, O. 1986. Vegetation structure and primary production in acidifed lakes in southwestern Sweden. Experientia 42, 465–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greitner, C. S. & Winner, W. E. 1989. Effects of O3 on alder photosynthesis and symbiosis with Frankia. New Phytologist 111, 647–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gulbrandsen, R., Bakke, T., Grande, M., Hessen, D., Konieczny, R., Magnusson, J. & Wright, R. F. 1990. Climate change – effects in the aquatic environment. Report O–89258 Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo (in Norwegian).Google Scholar
Hallbacken, L. & Tamm, C. O. 1986. Changes in soil acidity from 1927 to 1982–1984 in a forest area of southwest Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 1, 219–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallgren, J. E., Linder, S., Richter, A., Troeng, E. & Granat, L. 1982. Uptake of SO2 in shoots of Scots pine: field measurements of net fluxes of sulphur in relation to stomatal conductance. Plant, Cell and Environment 5, 75–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanisch, B. & Kilz, E. 1991. Monitoring of Forest Damage Spruce and Pine. Bromley: Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd.Google Scholar
Hansen, P. W. 1987. Acid rain and waterfowl: the case for concern in North America. Arlington, Virginia: The Izaak Walton League of America.Google Scholar
Harriman, R. 1989. Patterns of surface water acidification in Scotland. In Acidification in Scotland, pp. 72–9. Edinburgh: Scottish Development Department.Google Scholar
Harriman, R., & Morrison, B. 1980. Ecology of acid streams draining forested and non-forested catchments in Scotland. In Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation, pp. 312–3, eds Drabløs, D. & Tollan, A. Proceedings International Conference, Sandefjord. SNSF Project, NISK, 1432 Ås-NLH, Norway.Google Scholar
Hauhs, M. 1990. Lange Bramke: an ecosystem study of a forested watershed. In Acidic Precipitation Vol 1: Case Studies, pp. 275–305, eds Adriano, D. C. & Havas, M. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Hauhs, M. & Wright, R. F. 1988. Acid deposition: reversibility of soil and water acidification – a review. Air Pollution Research Report 11. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels.Google Scholar
Heagle, A. S., Body, D. E. & Heck, W. W. 1973. An open-top field chamber to assess the impact of air pollution on plants. Journal of Environmental Quality 2, 365–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, R. L. 1988. Biochemical mechanisms of pollutant stress. In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants, pp. 259–86, eds Heck, W. W., Taylor, O. C. & Tingey, D. T. London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heck, W. W., Cure, W. W., Rawlings, J. O., Zaragoza, L. J., Heagle, A. S., Heggestad, H. E., Kohut, R. J., Kress, K. W. & Temple, P. J. 1984. Assessing impacts of ozone on agricultural crops II. Crop yield functions and alternative exposure statisitics. Journal Air Pollution Control Association 34, 810–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heil, G. W. & Diemont, W. M. 1983. Raised nutrient levels change heathland into grassland. Vegetatio 53, 113–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henriksen, A. 1979. A simple approach for identifying and measuring acidification of freshwater. Nature (London) 278, 542–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henriksen, A., & Brakke, D. F. 1988. Sulphate deposition to surface waters. Estimating critical loads for Norway and the eastern United States, Environmental Science and Technology 22, 8–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henriksen, A., Lien, L., Traaen, T. S., Sevaldrud, I. S. & Brakke, D. F. 1988. Lake acidication in Norway – present and predicted status. Ambio 17, 259–66.Google Scholar
Highton, N. H. & Chadwick, M. J. 1982. The effects of changing patterns of energy use on sulfur emissions and depositions in Europe. Ambio 11, 324–9.Google Scholar
Hindar, A., Noess, K. & Molvoer, J. 1989. Significance of acid rain for increased nitrogen loading to fjords. Report 0–88035 Norwegian Institute for Water Research. Oslo.Google Scholar
Hori, T. 1953. Studies on Fogs. Sapporo: Tanne Trading Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Hornung, M., LeGrice, S., Brown, N. & Norris, D. 1990a. The role of geology and soils in controlling surface water acidity in Wales. In Acid Waters in Wales, pp. 55–66, eds, Edwards, R. W., Gee, A. S. & Stoner, J. H. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornung, M., Brown, S. J. & Ranson, A. 1990b. Amelioration of surface water acidity by catchment managment. In Acid Waters in Wales, pp. 311–28, eds Edwards, R. W., Gee, A. S. & Stoner, J. H. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornung, M., Stevens, P. A. & Reynolds, B. 1986. The impact of pasture improvement on the soil solution chemistry of some stagnopodzols in mid-Wales. Soil Use and Management 2, 18–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huttunen, S. 1984. Interactions of disease and other stress factors with atmospheric pollution. In Air Pollution and Plant Life, pp. 321–51, ed. Treshow, M. New York: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Huttunen, S., & Laine, K. 1983. Effects of air-borne pollutants on the surface wax structure of Pinus sylvestris needles. Annales Botanici Fennici 20, 79–86.Google Scholar
Innes, J. L. & Boswell, R. C. 1988. Forest Health Surveys 1987. Part 2: Analysis and interpretation. Forestry Commission Bulletin 79. H. M. S. O., London.Google Scholar
Jansen, A. E. 1991. The mycorrhizal status of Douglas Fir in the Netherlands: its relation with stand age, regional factors, atmospheric pollutants and tree vitality. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 35, 191–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, A. H., Friedland, A. J. & Dushoff, J. G. 1986. Recent and historic red spruce mortality: evidence of climatic influence. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 30, 319–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, D. W., Richter, D. D., Lovett, G. M. & Lindberg, S. E. 1985. The effects of atmospheric deposition on potassium, calcium and magnesium cycling in two deciduous forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, 773–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, D. W., Cresser, M. S., Nilsson, S. I., Turner, J., Ulrich, B., Binkley, D. & Cole, D. W. 1991. Soil changes in forest ecosystems: evidence for and probable causes. Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B (for 1990) 81–116.Google Scholar
Kenk, G. & Fischer, H. 1988. Evidence from nitrogen fertilisation in the forests of Germany. Environmental Pollution 54, 199–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinniburgh, D. G. & Edmunds, W. M. 1986. The susceptibility of UK groundwaters to acid deposition. Hydrogeological Report British Geological Survey No. 86–3. British Geological Survey, Wallingford.Google Scholar
Koskela, V. 1970. Occurrence of frost damage in Norway spruce, Scots pine. Silver birch and Siberian larch in the forest fertilisation experiment area at Kivisvo. Folia Forestalia 28, 1–25.Google Scholar
Krause, G. H. M., Arndt, U., Brandt, C. J., Bucher, J., Kenk, G. & Matzner, E. 1986. Forest decline in Europe: development and possible causes. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 31, 647–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langan, S. 1986. Atmospheric Deposition, Afforestation and Water Quality at Loch Dee, S. W. Scotland. Ph. D. dissertation. University of St. Andrews, Scotland.Google Scholar
Last, F. T. & Mathy, P. 1986. Stocktaking and implications, pp. 318–32. Air Pollution Research Report 5. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels.Google Scholar
Last, F. T., Cape, J. N. & Fowler, D. 1986. Acid rain – or “pollution climate?”. Span 29, 2–4.Google Scholar
Last, F. T., Wilson, J. & Mason, P. A. 1990. Numbers of mycorrhizas and the growth of Picea sitchensis – what is the relationship? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 28, 293–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Law, R. M. & Mansfield, T. A. 1982. Oxides of nitrogen and the greenhouse atmosphere. In Effects of Gaseous Air Pollution in Agriculture and Horticulture, pp. 93–112, eds Unsworth, M. H. & Ormrod, D. P. London: Butterworths.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lepisto, A., Whitehead, P. G., Neal, C. & Cosby, B. J. 1988. Modelling the Effects of Acid Deposition: Estimation of Long-Term Water Quality Responses in Forested Catchments in Finland. NordicHydrology 19, 99–120.Google Scholar
Likens, G. E., Wright, R. F., Galloway, J. N. & Butler, T. J. 1979. Acid rain. Scientific American 241, 42–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, S. E. & Lovett, G. M. 1985. Field measurements of particle dry deposition rates to foliage and inert surfaces in a forest canopy. Environmental Science and Technology 19, 238–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, P. W., Cottam, D. A., Sheppard, L. J. & Francis, B. J. 1988. Growth responses and delayed winter hardening in Sitka spruce following summer exposure to ozone. New Phylologist 108, 495–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lundqvist, L. J. 1980. The hare and the tortoise: clean air policies in the United States and Sweden. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
McLeod, A. R. 1991. Factors influencing the yield response of cereals to sulphur dioxide in studies using an open-air fumigation system. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (at press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMurty, M. J., Wales, D. L., Scheider, W. A., Beggs, G. L. & Dimond, P. E. 1989. Relationship of mercury concentrations in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) to the physical and chemical characteristics of Ontario lakes. Candian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, 426–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandl, R. H., Weinstein, L. H., McCune, D. C. & Kevery, M. 1973. A cylindrical open-top chamber for the exposure of plants to air pollutants in the field. Journal of Environmental Quality 2, 371–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansfield, T. A. & Freer-Smith, P. H. 1981. Effects of urban air pollution on plant growth. Biological Review 56, 343–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansfield, T. A., & McCune, D. C. 1988. Problems of crop loss assessment when there is exposure to two or more gaseous pollutants. In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants, pp. 317–44, eds Heck, W. W., Taylor, O. C. & Tingey, D. T. New York: and London: Elsevier Applied Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathy, P. 1988. The European Open-Top Chambers Programme: Objectives and Implementation. In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants pp. 505–13, eds. Heck, W. W., Taylor, O. C. & Tingey, D. T. London & New York: Elsevier Applied Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matzner, E. Murach, D. & Fortmann, H. 1986. Soil acidity and its relationship to root growth in declining stands in Germany. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 31, 273–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menhe, B. 1988. Vergleichende Untersuchungen an Pfropfungen mit Reisern grüner und vergilbter Fichten (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) aus Waldschadensgebieten. Inaugural-Dissertation, Forstwissensch aftlichen Fakultät zu Freiburg im Breisgau.Google Scholar
Miller, J. E. 1988. Effects on photosynthesis, carbon allocation and plant growth associated with air pollutant stress. In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants, pp. 287–314, eds Heck, W. W., Taylor, O. C. & Tingey, D. T. London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, P. R., Parmeter, J. R., Taylor, O. C. & Cardiff, E. A. 1963. Ozone injury to the foliage of Pinus ponderosa. Phytopathology 53., 1072–6.Google Scholar
Minchin, P. E. H. & Gould, R. 1986. Effects of SO2 on phloem loading. Plant Science 43, 179–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minns, C. K., Elder, F. C. & Moore, J. E. 1988. Using Biological Measures to Estimate Critical Sulphate Loadings to Lake Ecosystems. Ontario: Department of Environment.Google Scholar
Mortensen, L., Moseholm, L., Ro-Poulsen, H. & Johnsen, I. 1989. Work with open-chamber grown spring wheat in Denmark. In Proceedings of 3rd Workshop on Open-Top Chambers (Pau, France, Sept. 1988), pp. 111–22, eds Bonte, J. & Mathy, P. Brussels: Commission of European Communities.Google Scholar
Mueller, S. F. 1988. Chemical deposition to high elevation spruce-fir forests in the eastern United States. Report submitted by the Mountain Cloud Chemistry Project (Mohnen, V. A.) Albany, New York to the US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.Google Scholar
Muniz, I. P. 1991. Freshwater acidification: its effects on species and communities of freshwater microbes, plants and animals. Transactions Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B (for 1990). 227–54.Google Scholar
Neighbour, E. A., Cottam, D. A. & Mansfield, T. A. 1988. Effects of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide on the control of water loss by birch (Betula spp.). New Phytologist 108, 149–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newhook, F. J. 1989. Indigenous forest health in the South Pacific - a plant pathologist's view. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 19, 231–42.Google Scholar
Nilsson, J. 1986. Critical Loads for nitrogen and sulphur. Report 1986: 11. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Nilsson, J. & Grennfelt, P. 1988. Critical Loads for Sulphur and Nitrogen Report 1988: 15. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, S. A. 1980. Geologic factors controlling the sensitivity of aquatic ecosystems to acid precipitation. In Atmospheric Sulphur Deposition, pp. 521–31, eds Shriner, D. S., Richmond, C. R. & Lindberg, S. E. Michigan: Ann Arbor Science.Google Scholar
Noyes, R. D. 1980. The comparative effects of sulphur dioxide on photosynthesis and translocation in bean. Physiological Plant Pathology 16, 73–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nygaard, P. H. & Abrahamsen, G. 1991. Effects of long-term artificial acidification on the ground vegetation and soil in a 100 year-old stand of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Plant and Soil 131, 151–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ormerod, S. J. & Tyler, S. J. 1991. Exploitation of prey by a river bird, the dipper Cinclus cinclus (L.), along acidic and circumneutral streams in upland Wales. Freshwater Biology 25, 105–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ormerod, S. J., Allison, N., Hudson, D. & Tyler, S. J. 1986. The distribution of breeding dippers (Cinclus cinclus L.; Aves) in relation to stream acidity in upland Wales. Freshwater Biology 16, 501–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ottar, B. 1976. Organisation of long range transport of air pollution monitoring in Europe. Proceedings of International Symposium on Acid Precipitation and the Forest Ecosystem (1st). Columbus, USA 1975, pp. 105–29.Google Scholar
Pande, P. C. & Mansfield, T. A. 1985. Responses of spring barley to SO2 and NO2 pollution. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 38, 87–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pleijel, H., Skarby, L., Ojanpera, K. & Sellden, G. 1991. Yield and quality of spring barley, Hordeum vulgare L. exposed to different concentrations of ozone in open-top chambers. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (at press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Press, M. C. & Lee, J. A. 1982. Nitrate reductase activity of Sphagnum species in the southern Pennines. New Phytologist 92, 487–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, E. M. & Tingey, D. T. 1988. The NCLAN Program for Crop Loss Assessment. In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants, pp. 45–62, eds Heck, W. W., Taylor, O. C. & Tingey, D. T. London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prinz, B. 1983. Gedanken zum Stand der Diskussion iiber die Ursache der Waldschaden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Forst-und Holzwirt 38, 460–8.Google Scholar
Prinz, B., Krause, G. H. M. & Jung, K.-D. 1985. At NATO Advanced Research Workshop. Effects of Acidic Deposition and Air Pollution on Forests, Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems May 1985, Toronto.Google Scholar
Rawlings, J. O., Lesser, V. M. & Dassel, K. A. 1988. Statistical approaches to assessing crop losses. In Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants, pp. 389–416, eds Heck, W. W., Taylor, O. C. & Tingey, D. T. London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehfuess, K. E. 1985. On the causes of decline of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) In Central Europe. Soil Use and Management 1, 30–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehfuess, K. E., & Rodenkirschen, H. 1984. Über die Nadelrote-Erkrankung der Fichte (Picea abies Karst.) in Süddeutschland. Forslwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 103, 248–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reich, P. B. 1987. Quantifying plant response to ozone: a unifying theory. Tree Physiology 3, 63–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reinert, R., Sanchez, B., Salleras, J. M., Bernejo, V., Ochoa, M. J. & Tarvel, A. 1991. Ozone effects on watermelon plants at the Ebro Delta (Spain): symptomatology. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (at press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiter, R. & Kanter, H. J. 1982. Reasons for seasonal and daily variations of CO2 and O3 at 0.7, 1.8 and 3 km altitude recorded since 1977. In Proceedings 2nd European Symposium. Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollution, pp. 551–60, eds Versino, B. & Ott, H. Dordrecht: Reidel, D.Google Scholar
Reuss, J. O. & Johnson, D. W. 1986. Acid Deposition and the Acidificatiton of Soils and Waters. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodhe, H., Galloway, J. N. & Dianwu, Z. 1991. Acidification in the tropics – prospects for the coming decades. Ambio (at press).Google Scholar
Roelfs, J. G. M. 1983. Impact of acidification and eutrophication on macrophyte communites in soft waters in the Netherlands. Field observations. Aquatic Botany 17, 139–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakaki, T., Ohnishi, J., Kondo, N. & Yamada, M. 1985. Polar and neutral lipid changes in spinach leaves with ozone fumigation. Triglycerol synthesis from polar lipids. Plant Cell Physiology 26, 253–62.Google Scholar
Sanders, G. E., Colls, J. J., Clark, A. G., Galaup, S., Bonte, J. Cantuel, J. 1991. Phaseolus vulgaris and ozone: results from open-top chamber experiments in France and England. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (at press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandman, G. & Gonzales, H. G. 1989. Peroxidative processes induced in bean leaves by fumigation with sulphur dioxide. Environmental Pollution 56, 145–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schenone, G. & Lorenzini, G. 1991. Effects of regional air pollution on crops in Italy. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (at press).Google Scholar
Schindler, D. W., Mills, K. H., Malley, D. F., Findlay, D. L., Shearer, J. A., Davies, I. J., Turner, M. A., Linsey, G. A. & Cruikshank, D. R. 1985. Longterm ecosystem stress: the effect of years of acidification on a small lake. Science 228, 1395–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schindler, D. W., Frost, T. M., Gunn, J. M., Mills, K. H., Chang, P. S. S., Davies, I. J., Findlay, L., Malley, D. F., Shearer, J. A., Turner, M. A., Garrison, P. J., Watras, C. J., Webster, K., Brezonik, P. L. & Swenson, W. A. 1991. Comparisons between experimentally – and atmospherically – acidified lakes during stress and recovery. Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B (for 1990), 193–226.Google Scholar
Schmitt, G. 1988. Measurements of the chemical composition in cloud and fogwater. In Acid Deposition at High Elevation Sites, pp. 403–19, eds Unsworth, M. H. & Fowler, D. Dordrecht: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schofield, C. L. 1976. Acid precipitation: effects on fish. Ambio 5, 228–30.Google Scholar
Schulze, E. D. & Freer-Smith, P. H. 1991. An evaluation of forest decline based on field observations focussed on Norway spruce, Picea abies. Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B (for 1990), 155–68.Google Scholar
Schulze, E. D., Oren, R. & Lange, O. L. 1989. Processes leading to forest decline: a synthesis. Ecological Studies 77, 459–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seip, H. M. 1980. Acidification of freshwaters – sources and mechanisms. In Ecological Impacts of Acid Precipitation, pp. 358–66, eds Drablos, D. & Tollan, A. SNSF project As-NLH, Norway.Google Scholar
Sheppard, L. J., Smith, R. I. & Cannell, M. G. R. 1989. Frost hardiness of Picea rubens growing in the spruce decline regions of the Appalachians. Tree Physiology 5, 25–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skeffington, R. A. 1990. Accelarated nitrogen inputs – a new problem or a new perspective. Plant and Soil 128, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, R. A. 1872. Air and Rain. The Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology. London: Longmans Green.Google Scholar
Stockwell, W. R., Middleton, P., Chang, J. S. & Tang, X. 1990. The RADM II chemical mechanism for regional air quality modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research 95 (D–10) 16343–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suns, K., Hitchin, G., Loescher, B., Pastorek, E. & Pearce, R. 1987. Metal accumulations in fishes form Muskoka-Haliburton lakes in Ontario (1978–1984). Ontario Ministry of the Environment Report, Water Resources Branch. Rexdale, Ontario.Google Scholar
Tranquillini, W. 1979. Physiological ecology of the alpine timberline existance at high altitudes with special reference to the European Alps. Berlin &New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, G. 1987. Probable effects of soil acidification and nitrogen deposition on the floristic composition of oak (Quercus robur L.) forest. Flora Jena 179, 165–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulrich, B. 1981. Eine okosytemare Hypothese über die Ursachen des Tannensterbens (Abies alba Mill.). Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 100, 228–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulrich, B. 1989. Effects of acidic precipitation on forest ecosystems in Europe. In Acidic Precipitation. Vol 2. Biological and Ecological Effects, pp. 189–272, eds Adriano, D. C. & Johnson, A. H. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulrich, B., Mayer, R. & Khanna, P. K. 1980. Chemical changes due to acid precipitation in a loess derived soil in Central Europe. Soil Science 130, 193–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ultsch, G. R. & Gros, G. 1979. Mucus as a diffusion barrier to oxygen: possible role in O2 uptake at low pH in carp (Cvprinus carpio) gills. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 62A, 685–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UN-ECE. 1988. ECE Critical Levels Workshop. Bad Harzburg Workshop. Final Draft Report. Umweltbundesamt, Berlin.Google Scholar
Unsworth, M. H. 1991. Air pollution and vegetation: hypothesis, field exposure and experiment. Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B, (for 1990), 139–53.Google Scholar
USA-Canada Memorandum of Intent. 1983. Eastern Canada and Eastern US.Google Scholar
van Breemen, N. J., Mulder, J. & Driscoll, C. T. 1983. Acidification and alkalinization of soils. Plant and Soil 75, 283–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Miegroet, H. & Cole, D. W. 1984. The impact of nitrification on soil acidification and cation leaching in a red alder forest. Journal of Environmental Quality 13, 586–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velissariou, K., Barnes, J. D. & Davison, A. W. 1991. Has inadvertent selection by plant breeders affected the O3 sensitivity of modern greek cultivars of spring wheat? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment(at press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volz, A., Ehhalt, D. H. & Derwent, R. G. 1981. Seasonal and latitudinal variations of14CO and the tropospheric concentrations of OH radicals. Journal of Geophysical Research 86, 5163–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warfvinge, P. & Sverdrup, H. 1988. Soil liming as a measure to mitigate acid run-off. Water Resources Research 24, 701–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warrington, S. 1987. Relationship between SO2 dose and growth of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisumon peas. Environmental Pollution 43, 155–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, P. G., Neal, C. & Neale, R. 1986. Modelling the effects of hydrological changes on stream water acidity. Journal of Hydrology 84, 353–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfenden, J. & Mansfield, T. A. 1991. Physiological disturbances in plants caused by air pollutants. Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B, (for 1990), 117–38.Google Scholar
Woodin, S., Press, M. C. & Lee, J. A. 1985. Nitrate reductase activity in Sphagnum fuscum in relation to wet deposition of nitrate from the atmosphere. New Phytologisl 99, 381–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodman, J. N. 1987. Pollution-induced injury in North American forests: facts and suspicions. Tree Physiology 3, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, R. F., Cosby, B. J. & Hornberger, G. M. (at press). A regional model of lake acidification in southernmost Norway. Ambio.Google Scholar
Wright, R. F. & Hauhs, M. 1991. Reversibility of acidification: soils and surface waters. Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh 97B (for 1990), 169–91.Google Scholar
Wright, R. F., Lotse, E. & Semb, A. 1988. Reversibility of acidification shown by whole-catchment experiments. Nature (London) 334, 670–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zoettl, H. W. 1985. Experimental fertilization of forests in decline. At NATO Advanced Research Workshop Effects of Acidic Deposition and Air Pollution on Forests, Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosytems May 1985, Toronto.Google Scholar
Zoettl, H. W. 1990. Remarks on the effects of nitrogen deposition to forest ecosystems. Plant and Soil 128, 83–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zoettl, H. W., & Huettl, R. F. 1986. Nutrient supply and forest decline in Southwest-Germany. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 31, 449–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar