Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-n9wrp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T17:28:31.220Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The pathology of Sitka spruce in northern Britain

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2011

Stephen C. Gregory  and
Derek B. Redfern
Stephen C. Gregory
Affiliation:
Forestry Commission, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9SY, Scotland, U.K.
Derek B. Redfern
Affiliation:
Forestry Commission, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9SY, Scotland, U.K.
Get access

Synopsis

An account of the pathology of Sitka spruce in northern Britain is given based on enquiries dealt with by the Pathology Branch of the Forestry Commission Research Division in the last fifteen years. Sitka spruce occupies the major proportion of our forest estate but has given rise to only 15% of enquiries concerning tree damage. The most frequently diagnosed injuries have been those due to frost and to root diseases caused by Heterobasidion annosum and Armillaria spp. Two other root pathogens, Rhizina undulata and Phaeolus schweinitzii, and two needle pathogens, Lophodermiun piceae and Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii, have also been recorded in Sitka spruce plantations as have several wound-infecting stem decay fungi. Only five other fungal diseases, those caused by Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora citricola, Helicobasidium purpureum, Sirococcus strobilinus and Pythium spp. have been recorded, all in nurseries.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B: Biological Sciences , Volume 93 , Issue 1-2: Sitka Spruce , 1987 , pp. 145 - 156
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anon. 1973. A guide to the use of terras in plant pathology. Phytopathological Papers 17.Google Scholar
Anon. 1979–1982. Census of Woodlands and Trees. Edinburgh: Forestry Commission.Google Scholar
Aufsess, H. von 1980. Die wichtigsten Erreger von Wundfäulen in Nadelholzbeständen. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Problems of Root and Butt Rot in Conifers, Kassell, Federal Republic of Germany, Aug. 1978, ed. Dimitri, L., pp. 306–321. Hann. Münden: International Union of Forest Research Organisations.Google Scholar
Banerjee, S. 1955. A disease of Norway spruce (Picea excelsa (Lam.) Link.) associated with Stereum sanguinolentum (A. et S.) Fr. and Pleurotus mitis (Pers.) Berk. Indian Journal of Mycological Research 1, 1–30.Google Scholar
Barrett, D. K. 1970. Armillaria mellea as a possible factor predisposing roots to infection by Polyporus schweinitzii. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 55, 459–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, D. K. & Greig, B. J. W. 1984. Investigations into the infection biology of Phaeolus schweinitzii. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Root and Butt Rots of Forest Trees, Melbourne, Victoria and Gympie, Queensland, Australia, Aug. 1983, ed. Kile, G. A., pp. 95–103. CSIRO, Melbourne: International Union of Forest Research Organisations.Google Scholar
Barrett, D. K. & Greig, B. J. W. 1985. The occurrence of Phaeolus schweinitzii in the soils of Sitka spruce plantations with broadleaved or non-woodland histories. European Journal of Forest Pathology 15, 412–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butin, H. 1980. Problems of wound decay in western Europe. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Problems of Root and Butt Rot in Conifers, Kassel, Federal Republic of Germany, Aug. 1978, ed. Dimitri, L., pp. 272–275. Hann. Münden: International Union of Forest Research Organisations.Google Scholar
Butin, H. & Wagner, C. 1985. Mykologische Untersuchungen zur “Nadelröte” der Fichte. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 104, 178–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannell, M. G. R. 1984. Spring frost damage on young Picea sitchensis. I. Occurrence of damaging frosts in Scotland compared with western North America. Forestry 57, 159–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannell, M. G. R. 1985. Autumn frost damage on young Picea sitchensis. I. Occurrence of autumn frosts in Scotland compared with western North America. Forestry 58, 131–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannell, M. G. R. & Sheppard, L. J. 1982. Seasonal changes in the frost hardiness of provenances of Picea sitchensis in Scotland. Forestry 55, 137–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corke, A. T. K. 1955. Some studies in forest and agricultural mycology. Part I. A study of Cucurbitaria piceae Borthwick, a disease of buds of the spruce. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Darker, G. D. 1932. The Hypodermataceae of conifers. Contributions from the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University 1, 1–131.Google Scholar
Day, W. R. 1950. Cambial injuries in a pruned stand of Norway spruce. Forestry Commission Forest Record 4, 1–11.Google Scholar
Day, W. R. 1954. Drought crack of conifers. Forestry Commission Forest Record 26, 1–40.Google Scholar
Diamandis, S. 1978. “Top-dying” of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst. with special reference to Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubak. II. Status of R. kalkhoffii in “top-dying” of Norway spruce. European Journal of Forest Pathology 8, 345–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gladman, R. J. & Low, J. D. 1963. Conifer heart rots in Scotland. Forestry 36, 227–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, S. C. 1984. Micro-organisms isolated from wounded stems of Picea sitchensis. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 83, 683–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, S. C. & Watling, R. 1985. Occurrence of Armillaria borealis in Britain. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 84, 47–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greig, B. J. W. 1981. Decay fungi in conifers. Forestry Commission Leaflet 79, 1–21. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Greig, B. J. W. & Redfern, D. B. 1974. Fomes annosus. Forestry Commission Leaflet 5, 1–11. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Griffin, D. M. 1965. A study of damping-off, root damage and related phenomena in coniferous seedlings in British forest nurseries. In Experiments on Nutrition Problems in Forest Nurseries; Forestry Commission Bulletin 37, Vol. I, ed. Benzian, B., pp. 212–227. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Guillaumin, J. J. & Berthelay, S. 1981. Détermination spécifique des armillaires par la méthode des groupes de compatibilité sexuelle. Spécialisation écologique des espèces françaises. Agronomie 1, 897–908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillaumin, J. J., Lung, B., Romagnesi, H., Marxmüller, H., Lamoure, D., Durrieu, G., Berthelay, S. & Mohammed, C. 1985. Systématique des armillaires du groupe mellea. Conséquences phytopathologiques. European Journal of Forest Pathology 15, 268–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, E. M. 1985. Forest pathogens of N.W. North America and their potential for damage in Britain. Forestry Commission Forest Record 129, 1–14. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Harrington, T. C. & Cobb, F. W. Jr., 1983. Pathogenicity of Leptographium and Verticicladiella spp. isolated from roots of western North American conifers. Phytopathology 73, 596–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartig, R. 1890. Eine krankheit der Fichtentriebe. Zeitschrift für Forst- und Jagdwesen 22, 667–670.Google Scholar
Hendrix, F. F. Jr., & Campbell, W. A. 1973. Pythiums as plant pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology 11, 77–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hepting, G. H. 1971. Diseases of forest and shade trees of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service: Agriculture Handbook 386.Google Scholar
Illingworth, K. 1973. Variation in the susceptibility of Lodgepole pine provenances to Sirococcus shoot blight. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 3, 585–589.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kallio, T. 1984. Significance of wound decays in coniferous stands—the possibilities of their control. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Root and Butt Rots of Forest Trees, Melbourne, Victoria and Gympie, Queensland, Australia, Aug. 1983, ed. Kile, G. A., pp. 314–324. CSIRO, Melbourne: International Union of Forest Research Organisations.Google Scholar
Korhonen, K. 1978. Interfertility and clonal size in the Armillaria mellea complex. Karstenia 18, 31–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, J. S. 1957. Top dying of Norway spruce in Great Britain. Paper presented at the Seventh British Commonwealth Forestry Conference, Australia and New Zealand, 1957. London: Forestry Commission.Google Scholar
Murray, J. S. 1961. Forestry Commission Report on Forest Research 1960, p. 60. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Murray, J. S. & Young, C. W. T. 1961. Group dying of conifers. Forestry Commission Forest Record 46, 1–19. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Pawsey, R. G. 1969. Grey mould in forest nurseries (Botrytis cinerea). Forestry Commission Leaflet 50, 1–7. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Pawsey, R. G. & Gladman, R. J. 1965. Decay in standing conifers developing from extraction damage. Forestry Commission Forest Record 54, 1–25. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Peace, T. R. 1960. Forestry Commission Report on Forest Research 1959, p. 67. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Peace, T. R. 1962. Pathology of trees and shrubs with special reference to Britain. Oxford: University Press.Google Scholar
Peace, T. R. & Murray, J. S. 1956. Forestry Commission Report on Forest Research 1955, p. 52. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Phillips, D. H. & Burdekin, D. A. 1982. Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, J. E. 1979a. Fomes annosus butt-rot of Sitka spruce. I. Observations on the development of buttrot in individual trees and in stands. Forestry 52, 11–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, J. E. 1979b. Fomes annosus butt-rot of Sitka spruce. III. Losses in yield and value of timber in diseased trees and stands. Forestry 52, 113–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redfern, D. B. 1973. Forestry Commission Report on Forest Research 1973, pp. 100–101. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Redfern, D. B. 1975. The influence of food base on rhizomorph growth and pathogenicity of Armillaria mellea isolates. In Biology and Control of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens, ed. Bruehl, G. W., pp. 69–73. St. Paul, Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society.Google Scholar
Redfern, D. B. 1978. Infection by Armillaria mellea and some factors affecting host resistance and the severity of disease. Forestry 51, 121–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redfern, D. B. 1982a. Forestry Commission Report on Forest Research 1982, p. 27. Edinburgh: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Redfern, D. B. 1982b. Infection of Picea sitchensis and Pinus contorta stumps by basidiospores of Heterobasidion annosum. European Journal of Forest Pathology 12, 11–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redfern, D. B. 1984. Factors affecting spread of Heterobasidion annosum in plantations. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Root and Butt Rots of Forest Trees, Melbourne, Victoria and Gympie, Queensland, Australia, Aug. 1983, ed. Kile, G. A., pp. 104–109. CSIRO, Melbourne: International Union of Forest Research Organisations.Google Scholar
Redfern, D. B. & Cannell, M. G. R. 1982. Needle damage in Sitka spruce caused by early autumn frosts. Forestry 55, 39–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redfern, D. B. & Low, J. D. 1972. Forestry Commission Report on Forest Research 1972, pp. 97–98. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Redfern, D. B., Gregory, S. C., Pratt, J. E. & MacAskill, G. A. (in press). Foliage browning and shoot death in Sitka spruce and other conifers in northern Britain during winter 1983–84. European Journal of Forest Pathology.Google Scholar
Rishbeth, J. 1982. Species of Armillaria in southern England. Plant Pathology 31, 9–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rishbeth, J. 1985. Infection cycle of Armillaria and host response. European Journal of Forest Pathology 15, 332–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roll-Hansen, F. & Roll-Hansen, H. 1980. Microorganisms which invade Picea abies in seasonal stem wounds. II. Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and bacteria. General discussion, Hymenomycetes included. European Journal of Forest Pathology 10, 396–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schütt, P. 1985. Das Waldsterben—eine Pilzkrankheit? Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 104, 169–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skilling, D. D. & Nicholls, T. H. 1974. Rhizosphaera needlecast. American Christmas Tree Journal 18, 21–23.Google Scholar
Vaartaja, O. 1967. Reinfestation of sterilized nursery seedbeds by fungi. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 13, 771–776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, M. & Henderson, D. M. 1966. British Rust Fungi. Cambridge: University Press.Google Scholar