Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-g78kv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-29T17:44:14.300Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Inventing Iconography on the Accessible Frontier: Harriet Martineau, Anna Jameson, and Margaret Fuller on the Great Lakes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2009

Victoria Brehm
Get access

Extract

In 1820, three decades before Henry Rowe Schoolcraft would comment on the inabilities of tourists to experience the frontier without reference to European culture, he had accompanied a Gov. Lewis Cass expedition on the upper Great Lakes as mineralogist, traveling through the wilderness in a canot du maître paddled by Indians and voyageurs — while he read Johnson's Lives of the Poets. Although Schoolcraft's later relationship to Native cultures complicates any facile imperialist-other dichotomies, the Cass expedition to explore the lakes preparatory to securing more land cessions from the Indians was prophetic. When Schoolcraft returned to the East in 1841, by then a tourist attraction himself, 200,000 steamship and schooner passengers a season passed his post on Mackinac Island, crossing the upper lakes while bound for the settlements, prairies, and mineral– producing regions of the United States and Canada. Immigrants came via the Erie Canal; wealthy tourists booked passage to New Orleans, traveled up the Mississippi, and crossed to Chicago and thence through to Buffalo on palatial steamships (Ashworth, 10).

Type
Research Article
Information
Prospects , Volume 24 , October 1999 , pp. 67 - 98
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

Agassiz, Louis. Lake Superior … With a Narrative of the Tour by J. Elliot Cabot. Boston: Gould, Kendal, and Lincoln, 1850.Google Scholar
Appleton, Jay. The Experience of Landscape. London: John Wily and Sons, 1975.Google Scholar
Appleton, Jay. The Symbolism of Habitat: An Interpretation of Landscape in the Arts. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Armitage, Susan, and Jameson, Elizabeth. The Woman's West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Ashworth, William. The Late, Great Lakes: An Environmental History. New York: Knopf, 1986.Google Scholar
Beecher, Catharine. A Treatise on Domestic Economy. 1842; rept. New York: Schocken, 1977.Google Scholar
Bernhard, Duke Eisenbach. Travels Through North America During the Years 1825 and 1826. Philadelphia: Carey, Lea, and Carey, 1828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bieder, Robert E.Science Encounters the Indian, 1820–1880. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Bird, Isabella Lucy. The Englishwoman in America. London: John Murray, 1856.Google Scholar
Boren, Linda. “‘Another Domestic Beast of Burden’: New England Farm Women's Work and Well-Being in the 19th Century.” Journal of American Culture 18 (Fall 1995): 83–100.Google Scholar
Bryant, William Cullen. Letters of a Traveller; or Notes of Things in Europe and America. New York: G. P. Putnam, 1850.Google Scholar
Buley, R. Carlyle. The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period 1815–1840. 2 vols. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1951.Google Scholar
Burbick, Joan. “Under the Sign of Gender: Margaret Fuller's Summer on the Lakes.” Women and the Journey: The Female Travel Experience. Ed. Frederick, Bonnie and McLeod, Susan. Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Buss, Helen M. “Anna Jameson's Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada as Epistolary Dijournal.” Essays in Life Writing: From Genre to Critical Practice. Ed. Kadar, Marlene. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Buss, Helen M.Mapping Ourselves: Canadian Women's Autobiography in English. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Capper, Charles. Margaret Fuller: An American Romantic Life – The Private Years. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Cobb, Edith. “The Ecology of Imagination in Childhood.” Daedalus 88 (1959): 537–48.Google Scholar
Colton, Calvin. Tour of the American Lakes. London: E Westley and A. H. Davis, 1833.Google Scholar
Cronon, William. “Telling Tales on Canvas: Landscapes of Frontier Change.” Discovered Lands Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West. Ed. Prown, Jules et al. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
David, Deirdre. Intellectual Women and Victorian Patriarchy: Harriet Martineau, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, George Eliot, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Roos, Lt. Fred Fitzgerald. Personal Narrative of Travels in the United States and Canada in 1826. London: William Ainsworth, 1827.Google Scholar
De Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America. Trans. Reeve, Henry. 4 vols. London: Saunders and Otley, 1835.Google Scholar
Dickens, Charles. American Notes…. London: Chapman, 1842.Google Scholar
Dubinsky, Karen. “‘The Pleasure Is Exquisite But Violent’: The Imaginary Geography of Niagara Falls in the Nineteenth Century” Journal of Canadian Studies 29 (Summer 1994): 64–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellet, Elizabeth Fries Lummins. Summer Rambles in the West. New York: J. C. Riker, 1853.Google Scholar
Fairbanks, Carol. Prairie Women: Images in Canadian and American Fiction. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foster, Shirley. Across New Worlds: Nineteenth-Century Women Travellers and Their Writings. New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1990.Google Scholar
Fowler, Marian. The Embroidered Tent: Five Gentlewomen in Early Canada. Toronto: Anansi, 1982.Google Scholar
Frawley, Maria H.A Wider Range: Travel Writing by Women in Victorian England. Rutherford, N.J.: Associated University Presses, 1994.Google Scholar
Frederick, Bonnie, and McLeod, Susan H.Women and the Journey: The Female Travel Experience. Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Friedman, Susan Stanford. “Beyond White and Other: Relationality and Narratives of Race in Feminist Discourse.” Signs 21 (1995): 1–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friewald, Bina. “‘Femininely Speaking’;”: Anna Jameson's Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada.” A Mazing Space: Writing Canadian Women's Writing. Ed. Neuman, Shirley and Kamboureli, Smaro. Edmonton: Longspoon, 1986.Google Scholar
Fryer, Judith. Felicitous Space: The Imaginative Structures of Edith Wharton and Willa Cather. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Gilman, Chandler Robbins. Life on the Lakes. 2 vol.s. New York: George Dearborn, 1836.Google Scholar
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von.Faust. Trans. Walter Arndt. Ed. Hamlin, Cyrus. New York: Norton, 1976.Google Scholar
Greeley, Horace. “Editorial Correspondence.” New York Tribune, 06 2–07 19, 1847.Google Scholar
Gustafson, Sandra M. “Choosing A Medium: Margaret Fuller and the Forms of Sentiment.” American Quarterly 47 (03 1995): 34–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Capt. Basil.Travels in North America in the Years 1827 and 1828. Edinburgh: Cadell, 1829.Google Scholar
Hennepin, Father Louis. A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America. Ed. Thwaites, Reuben Gold. 1698; rept. Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1903.Google Scholar
Henry, Alexander. Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories, Between the Years 1760 and 1776. New York: I. Riley, 1809.Google Scholar
Hobart, Ann. “Harriet Martineau's Political Economy of Everyday Life.” Victorian Studies (Winter 1994): 223–51.Google Scholar
Hoecker-Drysdale, Susan. Harriet Martineau: First Woman Sociologist. New York: Berg, 1992.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Charles Fenno. A Winter in the West. 2 vols. New York: Harper, 1835.Google Scholar
Horsman, Reginald. “Scientific Racism and the American Indian in the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” American Quarterly 27 (1975): 152–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irving, Washington. Astoria. Philadelphia: Carey, Lee, and Blanchard, 1836.Google Scholar
Jameson, Anna. Characteristics of Women. 2 vols. London: Saunders and Otley, 1832.Google Scholar
Jameson, Anna. Early Canadian Sketches. Ed. Needler, G. H.. 1852; rept. Toronto: Burns and MacEachern, 1958.Google Scholar
Jameson, Anna. Letters and Friendships, 1812–1860. Ed. MrsErskine, Steuart. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1915.Google Scholar
Jameson, Anna. The Loves of the Poets. 2 vols. London: Colburn, 1829.Google Scholar
Jameson, Anna. Winter Studies and Summer Rambles. 3 vols. London: Saunders and Otley, 1838.Google Scholar
Keith, W. J.Literary Images of Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Kirkland, Caroline. A New Home: Who'll Follow? 1839; rept. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Kolodny, Annette. The Land Before Her: Fantasy and Experience of the American Frontiers, 1630–1860. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Kolodny, Annette. The Lay of the Land: Metaphor as Experience and History in American Life and Letters. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.Google Scholar
Kroeber, Karl. Artistry in Native American Myths. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Lanman, Charles. Summer in the Wilderness: Embracing a Canoe Voyage Up the Mississippi and Around Lake Superior. New York: Appleton, 1847.Google Scholar
Latrobe, Charles Joseph. The Rambler in North America. London: Seeley, 1835.Google Scholar
Lawrence, Karen R.Penelope Voyages: Women and Travel in the British Literary Tradition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Marryat, Frederick. A Diary in America. … Philadelphia: Carey, 1839.Google Scholar
Martineau, Harriet. Harriet Martineau's Autobiography with Memorials by Maria Weston Chapman. 2 vols. 1877; rept. Boston: Osgood, 1877.Google Scholar
Martineau, Harriet. Household Education. Philadelphia: Lee and Blanchard, 1849.Google Scholar
Martineau, Harriet. How to Observe Morals and Manners. London: Knight, 1838.Google Scholar
Martineau, Harriet. Illustrations of Political Economy. London: Fox, 1832–1843.Google Scholar
Martineau, Harriet. Retrospect of Western Travel. 3 vols. London: Saunders and Otley, 1838.Google Scholar
Martineau, Harriet. Society in America. 3 vols. London: Saunders and Otley, 1837.Google Scholar
Matthaei, Julie A.An Economic History of Women in America: Women's Work, the Sexual Division of Labor, and the Development of Capitalism. New York: Schocken, 1982.Google Scholar
McGreevy, Patrick. “Reading the Texts of Niagara Falls: The Metaphor of Death.” Writing Worlds: Discourse, Text, & Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape. London: Routledge, 1992.Google Scholar
McKenny, Thomas Lorraine. Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes. Baltimore: Fielding Lucas, 1827.Google Scholar
McKinsey, Elizabeth. Niagara Falls: Icon of the American Sublime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.Google Scholar
Miller, Angela. The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics, 1825–1875. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Mills, Sara. Discourses of Difference: An Analysis of Women's Travel Writing and Colonialism. London: Routledge, 1991.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. J. T., ed. Landscape and Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Mulvy, Christopher. Anglo-American Landscapes: A Study of Anglo-American Travel Narratives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Myers, Mitzi. “Harriet Martineau's Autobiography: The Making of a Female Philosopher.” Women's Autobiography: Essays in Criticism. Ed. Jelinik, Estelle. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Myres, Sandra L.Westering Women and the Frontier Experience. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Ossoli, Sarah Margaret [Margaret Fuller]. The Letters of Margaret Fuller. Ed. Hudspeth, Robert N.. 3 vols. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Ossoli, Sarah Margaret [Margaret Fuller]. Summer on the Lakes in 1843. 1844; rept. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Pichanick, Valerie Kossew. Harriet Martineau: The Woman and Her Work, 1802–76. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Pratt, Mary Louise. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockwell, David. Giving Voice to Bear: North American Indian Rituals, Myths, and Images of the Bear. Niwot, Colo.: Roberts Rinehart, 1991.Google Scholar
Schoelwer, Susan Prendergast. “The Absent Other: Women in the Land and Art of Mountain Men.” Discovered Lands Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West. Ed. Prown, Jules et al. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe. The Indian in His Wigwam, or Characteristics of the Red Race of America. New York: W. H. Graham, 1848.Google Scholar
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe. Personal Memoirs of a Residence of Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes on the American Frontiers: With Brief Notices of Passing Events, Facts, and Opinions, A. D. 1812 to A. D. 1842. Philadelphia, 1851.Google Scholar
Schriber, Mary Suzanne. Telling Travels: Selected Writings by Nineteenth-Century American Women Abroad. DeKalb: Northern Illinois Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Sears, John F.Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
Smith-Rosenberg, Carol. “Sex as Symbol in Victorian America.” Prospects 5 (1980): 57–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steele, Eliza R.A Summer Journey in the West. New York: John S. Taylor, 1841.Google Scholar
Stuart-Wortley, Victoria. A Young Traveller's Journal of a Tour in North and South America During the Year 1850. London: T. Bosworth, 1855.Google Scholar
SirSullivan, Edward Robert, bart. Rambles and Scrambles in North and South America. London: R. Bentley, 1852.Google Scholar
Tanner, Helen Hornbeck, ed. Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Thomas, Clara. Love and Work Enough: The Life of Anna Jameson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Gillian. Harriet Martineau. Boston: Twayne, 1985.Google Scholar
Tonkovich, Nicole. “Traveling in the West, Writing in the Library: Margaret Fuller's Summer on the Lakes.” Legacy 10 (1993): 79–102.Google Scholar
Trollope, Frances M.Domestic Manners of the Americans. London: Whittaker, 1832.Google Scholar
Truettner, William H.The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820–1920. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1991.Google Scholar
Van Kirk, Sylvia. “Many Tender Ties”: Women and Fur Trade Society in Western Canada, 1670–1870. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Van Kirk, Sylvia. “The Role of Native Women in the Creation of Fur Trade Society in Western Canada.” The Women's West. Ed. Armitage, Susan and Jameson, Elizabeth. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Webb, Robert K.Harriet Martineau: A Radical Victorian. New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolsey, Melancthon. “Sketches of Lake Superior.” Southern Literary Messenger (02 1836): 166–71.Google Scholar
Woolson, Constance Fenimore. “Round By Propeller.” Harper's New Monthly Magazine 45 (09 1872): 518–33.Google Scholar
Wortley, Lady Emmeline Stuart. Travels in the United States … During 1849 and 1850. London: Bentley, 1851.Google Scholar
Wright, Frances. Views of Society and Manners in America. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1822.Google Scholar
York, Lorraine. “‘Sublime Desolation’: European Art and Jameson's Perceptions of Canada.” Mosaic 2 (Spring 1986): 43–56.Google Scholar