Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-fnpn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-31T07:17:04.916Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

La phénoménologie de la dépression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

N.C. Andreasen*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The Universiiy of Iowa College of Medicine, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa52242
W.M. Grove
Affiliation:
Universtiy of Minnessota, Minneapolis
J. Endicott
Affiliation:
New York State Psychiatrie Institute, New York City
W.H. Coryell
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, The Universiiy of Iowa College of Medicine, 500 Newton Road, Iowa City, Iowa52242
W.A. Scheftner
Affiliation:
Rush Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago
R.M.A. Hirschfeld
Affiliation:
Clinical Research Branch, NIMH, Washington, D.C.
M.B. Keller
Affiliation:
Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
Get access

Résumé

Tandis que certains chercheurs définissent la dépression comme continuum composé d’états bénins et graves reflétant essentiellement la même identité, d’autres pensent que le concept de dépression est, en revanche, hétérogène et constitué d’un groupe de sous-catégories distinctes.

Si tel est le cas, identifier ces sous-catégories devient une priorité majeure. De telles sous-catégories doivent être comprises par rapport à leurs mécanismes fondamentaux neuronaux, voire même moléculaires. Toutefois, afin d’effectuer des recherches à ce sujet, il faut toujours commencer par la phénoménologie clinique.

Dans les dépressions graves, deux sous-catégories majeures ont été proposées; l’une est la dépression endogène ou mélancolique et l’autre la dépression bipolaire. On a tendance à postuler l’existence d’un mécanisme biogénique fondamental relativement autonome, bien que pas forcément libre d’influences environnementales.

Cet article étudie une série de tentatives visant à l’identification des sous-catégories distinctes de dépression. Une approche, utilisée dans une série de travaux, consiste à utiliser des techniques mathématiques telles que l’analyse par grappes, afin d’identifier de façon phénoménologique des sous-catégories similaires dans le spectre de la dépression.

Cette approche a identifié d’une façon conséquente un syndrome mélancolique ou endogène. Nos efforts pour valider ce concept de dépression endogène, par exemple la recherche d’antécédents familiaux, ont eu moins de succès.

Une autre méthode pour sous-catégoriser la dépression souligne que la sous-catégorie bipolaire représente une lorme distincte d’une dépression grave provoquée d’une façon endogène. Nous avons examiné la phénoménologie de la dépression bipolaire versus la dépression unipolaire et nous avons trouvé qu’il y a un certain nombre de caractéristiques qui différencient significativement la première de la dernière. Il est donc fort possible que la dépression endogène et la dépression bipolaire soient deux phénomènes distincts.

Summary

Summary

While some investigators believe that the concept of depression is a continuum with mild and severe forms reflecting essentially the same entity, most suspect that the concept is instead heterogeneous and consist of a group of discrete subtypes. If this is so, identifying subtypes is a major priority. Ultimalely such subtypes must be understood in terms of their underlying neural and even molecular mechanisms. Yet in order to search for such mechanisms, we still must begin with clinical phenomenoiogy.

Two major subtypes of serious depressions have been proposed. Endogenous or melancholic depression is one, while bipolar depression is another. Thinking about both these subtypes, one tends to assume that there is an underlying biogemc mechanism that is relatively autonomous, although not necessarily free of environmental influences.

This paper examines a series of attempts to identify discrete subtypes of depression. One approach, used in a series of investigations, involves the use of mathematical techniques such as cluster analysis in order to identify phenomenologically similar subgroups within the depressive spectrum. This approach has consistently identified a melancolic or endogenous syndrome. Our attempts to validale the concept of endogenous depression through examining external correlates, such as family history, have been less successful.

An alternate method for subtyping depression stresses that the bipolar subtype represents a discrete form of severe endogenously caused depression. We have examined the phenomenology of bipolar versus unipolar depression and found it to differ significantly in a number of respects. Thus, endogenous depression and bipolar depression may represent different phenomena.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Références

Akiskal, H.S., Djenderedjian, A.H., Rosenthal, R.H. & Khani, M.K. (1977) Cyclothymie disorder: validating critcria for inclusion in the bipolar affective group. Am. J. Psychiatry 134, 12271233Google Scholar
Andreasen, N.C., Grove, W.M. & Maurer, R. (1980) Cluster analysis and the classification of depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 137, 256265CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, N.C. & Grove, W.M. (1982) The classification of depression: traditional versus mathematical approaches. Am. J. Psychiatry 139, 4552Google ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, N.C., Rice, J., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Grove, W.M. & Reich, T. (1987) Familial rates of affective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 461 469CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, N.C., Scheftner, W., Reich, T., Hirschfeld, R.M., Endicott, J. & Keller, M.B. (1986) The validation of the concept of endogenous depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 43, 246- 251Google ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, N.C. (1982) Negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39, 788CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angst, J, (1966) Zur Ätiologie und Nosologie endogener depressiver Psychosen. Monogr. Gesamtgeb. Psychiatry 112, 1118Google Scholar
Carney, M.W.P., Roth, M. & Garside, R.F. (1965) The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction of ECT response. Br. J. Psychiatry 111, 659674CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, B.J., Feinberg, M., Greden, J.F., Rarika, J., Albala, A.A.., Haskett, R.F., James, N.M., Kronfol, Z., Lohr, N., Steiner, M., De Vigne, J.P. & Young, E.A. (1981) Specifie laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 38, 1522CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endicott, J. & Spitzer, R.L. (1978) A diagnosis interview: the schedule for affective disorders and scliizophrenia (SADS). Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 35, 83784410.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770310043002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grove, W.M., Andreasen, N.C., Young, M., Endicott, J., Keller, M.B., Hirschfeld, R.M.A. & Reich, T. (1987) Isolation and characterization of a nuclear depressive syndrome. Psychol. Med. 17, 47148410.1017/S0033291700025034CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendell, R.E. (1966) The Classification of Depressive Illness. Oxford University Press, LondonGoogle Scholar
Kendell, R.E. (1976) The classification of depression: a review of contemporary confusion. Br. J. Psychiatry 117, 261266CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiloh, L.G. & Garside, R.F. (1963) The independance of neurotic depression and endogenous depression. Br. J. Psychiatry 109, 45246310.1192/bjp.109.461.451CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, D.F. (1974) Endogenomorphic depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 31, 447454CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, A. (1938) States of depression : their clinical and aetiological differentiation. Br. J. Psychiatry 875–878Google Scholar
Lewis, A. (1971) «Endogenous» and «exogenous»: a useful dichotomy? Psychol. Med. 1, 191196CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendlcwicz, J. & Ranier, JD. (1974) Morbidity risk and genetic transmission in manic-depressive illness. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 26, 692701Google Scholar
Perris, C. (1966) A study of bipolar (manic-depressives) and unipolar recurrent affective psychoses. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 42 (suppl. 194), 1189Google Scholar
Pinel, P. (1801) Traite Médico Philosophique sur l ‘Aliénation Mentale. Richard Caille et Ravier, ParisGoogle Scholar
Rice, J., Reich, T., Andreasen, N.C., Endicott, J., Van, Eerdewegh M., Fishman, R., Hirschfeld, R.M.A. & Klerman, G.L. (1987) The familial transmission of bipolar illness. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 441447CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, J. Jr. (1963) Hierarchical grouping lo optimize an objective function. J. Am. Statistical Assoc. 236–244CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, M.M., Kidd, K.K. & Prusoff, H.A. (1982) Variability in rates of affective disorder in relatives of depressed and normal probands, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39, 13971403CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winokur, G., Clayton, P. & Reich, T. (1969) Manico-Depressive Illness. C.V. Mosby, St-LouisGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.