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Syndromes dépressifs et antidépresseurs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2020

V Caillard*
Affiliation:
Service de Psychiatrie (Pr Zarifian), Centre Esquirol, CHRU Côte-de-Nacre, 14033Caen Cedex, France
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Résumé

L'actuel concept de dépression (épisode dépressif majeur) du DSMIII, puis maintenant du DSMIII-R, largement repris dans le projet d'ICD 10, est extraordinairement inclusif, au point de n'avoir plus guère de valeur heuristique, du moins dans son utilisation actuelle. L'approche pragmatique à laquelle il correspond, supposée a-théorique, participe en fait d'une tautologie: est considéré comme antidépresseur tout abord thérapeutique qui améliore les échelles d'évaluation de la dépression appliquées à des groupes (généralement hétérogènes) de patients classés dans cette catégorie. Vus sous cet angle, les électrochocs, les imipraminiques, les IMAO non sélectifs et non réversibles, mais aussi certaines thérapies cognitivo-comportementales, certaines benzodiazépines, tout autant que des nouvelles molécules (inhibiteurs du recaptage spécifiques, psychostimulants, certains neuroleptiques) peuvent être qualifiés d'antidépresseurs. À cet égard, le DSMIII-R ne permet pas, dans l'ensemble, de tester des hypothèses (trouver des différences) psycho-pharmacologiques. Ce qui est comparé n'est plus l'action pharmacodynamique antidépressive puisqu'elle est équivalente pour toutes les approches, mais des actions pharmacodynamiques qui rendent compte des profils d'effets latéraux. On décrit ainsi des antidépresseurs imipraminiques classiques, des substances atypiques dont certaines ont fait la preuve de leur activité antidépressive, d'autres pas (cela dépend des critères de preuve d'activité qu'on choisit d'accepter), des nouveaux antirecapteurs, pour la plupart sérotoninergiques, des IMAO globaux et irréversibles, de nouveaux IMAO sélectifs et réversibles. On peut insister dans cette façon de décrire les antidépresseurs sur les molécules qui n'ont pas fait la preuve rigoureuse d'une action antidépressive, mais qui n'en sont pas moins des molécules pharmacodynamiquement intéressantes, des «médicaments en quête d'indications». On peut aussi insister sur les inhibiteurs du recaptage de la sérotonine, dont l'intérêt pharmacodynamique majeur n'est peut-être pas l'action antidépressive, mais l'action régulatrice de la balance pondérale, l'action anti-obsessionnelle, l'action anti-impulsion, l'action anti-alcoolique, etc, mettant ainsi l'accent non plus sur ce qui rapproche ces substances des antidépresseurs, mais sur leurs propriétés originales. Le problème est l'intrication des contraintes industrielles et de l'impasse nosologique actuelle qui conduit à positionner une nouvelle molécule dans la dépression Plutôt que par rapport à des cibles pathologiques ou syndromiques plus étroites et moins ambitieuses.

Summary

Summary

The current concept of depression (major depressive episode) according to the DSM-III, now the DSM-III-R, extensively used in the ICD 10 project, is extraordinarily comprehensive to the point of having practically lost any heuristic value, at least in its current utilization. The pragmatic approach to which it corresponds, supposedly atheoretical, pertains in fact to a tautology. Is considered primarily as an antidepressant any therapy which improves the rating scales for depression applied to groups of patients (usually heterogeneous) classified in this category. From this viewpoint, ECT, imipramine-type drugs, unselective and irreversible MAOIs, together with certain cognitive and behavioural therapies, some benzodiazepines, as well as new molecules (specific uptake inhibitors, psychostimulants, certain neuroleptics) may be qualified as antidepressants. In this respect the DSM-III-R does not enable psychopharmacological theories to be tested (finding differences). It is no longer the antidepressant pharmacodynamic action which is compared, since it is equivalent in every approach, but pharmacodynamic actions which take into account the profiles of lateral effects. Described in this way are classic imipramine antidepressants, atypical substances, some of which have shown proof of their antidepressant activity, others have not (depending on the criteria for proof of activity one chooses to accept), new uptake inhibitors, mostly serotoninergic, global and irreversible MAOIs, and new selective reversible MAOIs. By this way of describing antidepressants, some of the molecules have not shown rigorous proof of antidepressant action, but are none the less pharmacodynamically interesting - “medicines in search of instructions”. Emphasis may also be laid on serotonin uptake inhibitors, the major pharmacodynamic interest of which is perhaps not antidepressant action, but regulatory action of the ponderal balance, anti-obsessional action, anti-impulsive action, anti-alcoholic action, etc, thus no longer putting the accent on what links these substances to antidepressants, but on their original properties. The problem lies in the intricacy of industrial constraint and the current nosological “cul-de-sac” which entices one to aim a new molecule at depression rather than at narrower and less ambitious pathological or syndromic targets.

Type
Communication
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1990

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Footnotes

*

Cet article a fait l'objet d'une communication lors du symposium «sérotoninergie et dépression» à l'Institut Pasteur le 21 avril 1989.

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