Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-m9pkr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-13T11:42:55.591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The family life cycle: a forgotten variable in the study of women's employment and well-being

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2009

Catherine E. Haw*
Affiliation:
Department of Social Psychology, London School of Economics
*
1Address for correspondence: Dr Catherine E. Haw, Department of Clinical Psychology, Hackney Hospital, Homerton High Street, London E9 6BE.

Synopsis

One hundred and sixteen working-class housewives, part-time and full-time employees were compared on a range of well-being measures in three different lifestages. A group of factory employees was contrasted with a ‘mixed occupation’ group for a comparison of type of employment. The general contention that the association between employment and well-being would vary with position in the life cycle was confirmed for distress, physical illness and some of the satisfaction measures. Only one measure (personal competence) suggested that employment had a positive influence on well-being irrespective of lifestage. Young employees working for longer hours and older housewives were both defined as ‘cases’ by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). However, their profiles on the other well-being variables were very different.

Type
Original Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bart, P. B. (1972). Depression in middle aged women. In Women in a Sexist Society (ed. Gornik, V. and Moran, B. K.), pp. 163186. Basic Books: New York.Google Scholar
Beynon, H. & Blackburn, R. M. (1972). Perceptions of Work: Variations within a Factory. Cambridge Papers in Sociology 3. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W. & Bifulco, A. (1990). Motherhood, employment and the development of depression: a replication of a finding? British Journal of Psychiatry 156, 169179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. W. & Harris, T. (1978). Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women. Tavistock Publications: London.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W., Andrews, B., Harris, T., Adler, Z. & Bridge, L. (1986). Social support, self-esteem and depression. Psychological Medicine 16, 813831.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charles, N. & Brown, D. (1981). Women, shift work and the sexual division of labour. Sociological Review 29, 685704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheyney, J. (1985). Returning to work. In Family and Economy in Modern Society (ed. Close, P. and Collins, R.), pp. 162173. Macmillan: London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleary, P. D. & Mechanic, D. (1983). Sex differences in psychological distress among married people. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 6, 6478.Google Scholar
D'Arcy, C. & Siddique, C. M. (1984). Social support and mental health among mothers of pre-school and school age children. Social Psychiatry 19, 155162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duvall, E. M. (1977). Marriage and Family Development. George Allen and Unwin: London.Google Scholar
Edwards, J. R. & Cooper, C. L. (1988). Research in stress, coping and health: theoretical and methodological issues. Psychological Medicine 18, 1520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elliott, J. & Huppert, F. A. (1991). In sickness and in health: associations between physical and mental well-being, employment and parental status in a British nationwide sample of married women. Psychological Medicine 21, 515524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferree, M. M. (1976). Working class jobs: housework and paid work as sources of satisfaction. Social Problems 23, 431441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glick, P. C. (1947). The family life cycle. American Journal of Sociology 12, 164174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glick, P. C. (1977). Updating the life cycle of the family. Journal of Marriage and the Family 39, 515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldberg, D. (1972). The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. Maudsley Monograph No. 21. Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. & Huxley, P. (1980). Mental Illness in the Community: The Pathway to Psychiatric Care. Tavistock Press: London.Google Scholar
Gore, S. & Mangione, T. W. (1983). Social roles, sex-roles and psychological distress: additive and interactive models of sex differences. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 24, 300312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gove, W. R. & Geerkin, M. R. (1977). The effect of children and employment on the mental health of men and women. Social Forces 56, 6676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, D. T. (1972). A model of coping with high role conflict: the role behaviour of college educated women. Administrative Science Quarterly 17, 471489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haw, C. E. (1986). Employment and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Study of Bermondsey Housewives and Employed Women. Ph.D. thesis, London University.Google Scholar
Jahoda, M. (1979). The psychological meaning of unemployment. New Society 6, 492495.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. L. & Irvin, F. (1983). Depressive potentials: interface between adolescence and midlife transition. In Children of Depressed Parents: Risk Identification and Intervention (ed. Morrison, H. L.), pp. 115138. Grune and Stratton: New York.Google Scholar
Kandel, D. B., Davies, M. & Raveis, V. H. (1985). The stressfulness of daily social roles for women: marital, occupational and household roles. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 26, 6478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, H. B. (1970). Self derogation and adjustment to recent life experiences. Archives of General Psychiatry 22, 324331.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, H. B. & Pokorny, O. (1969). Self-derogation and psychological adjustment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 149, 421434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R. C. & McRae, J. A. (1982). The effects of wives' employment on the mental health of men and women. American Sociological Review 47, 216227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krause, N. & Markides, K. S. (1985). Employment and psychological well-being in Mexican–American women. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 26, 1526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lapato, H. Z. (1971). Occupation Housewife. Oxford University Press: London.Google Scholar
McGee, R., Williams, S., Kashani, J. & Silva, P. (1983). Prevalence of self reported depressive symptoms and associated factors in mothers in Dunedin. British Journal of Psychiatry 143, 473479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menaghan, E. G. & Merves, E. S. (1984). Coping with occupational problems: the limits of individual efforts. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 25, 406423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moss, P. (1976). The current situation. In Mothers in Employment (ed. Fonda, N. and Moss, P.), pp. 638. Brunel University: London.Google Scholar
Moss, P. & Plewis, I. (1977). Mental distress in mothers of pre-school children in Inner London. Psychological Medicine 7, 641652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nathanson, C. A. (1975). Illness and the feminine role: a theoretical review. Social Science and Medicine 9, 5765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nathanson, C. A. (1980). Social roles and health status among women. Social Science and Medicine 14, 463471.Google Scholar
Oakley, A. (1979). From Here to Maternity: Becoming a Mother. Penguin Books: London.Google Scholar
Osborn, A. F. (1983). Maternal Employment, Depression and Child Behaviour. Equal Opportunities Commission Research Bulletin, No. 8. HMSO: London.Google Scholar
Parry, G. (1986). Employment, life events, social support and mental health in employed and unemployed mothers. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 27, 193208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pistrang, N. (1984). Women's work involvement and experience of new motherhood. Journal of Marriage and the Family 86, 433447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radloff, L. (1975). Sex-roles in depression: the effects of occupation and marital status. Sex Roles 1, 249265.Google Scholar
Rapoport, R., Rapoport, R. N. & Strelitz, Z. (1977). Fathers, Mothers and Others. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London.Google Scholar
Richman, N. (1976). Depression in mothers of pre-school children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 17, 7578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, C., Roberts, R. & Stevenson, J. (1982). Women, work, social support and psychiatric morbidity. Social Psychiatry 17, 167173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romans-Clarkson, S. W., Walton, V. A., Herbison, G. P. & Mullen, P. E. (1988). Marriage, motherhood and psychiatric morbidity in New Zealand. Psychological Medicine 18, 983990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self Image. Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, C. E., Mirowsky, J. & Huber, J. (1983). Dividing work, sharing work and in-between: marriage patterns and depression. American Sociological Review 48, 809823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ross, C. E. & Mirowsky, J. (1988). Childcare and emotional adjustment to wives' employment. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 29, 127138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shehan, C. (1984). Wives' work and psychological well-being: an extension of Gove's social role theory of depression. Sex Roles 11, 881899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimmin, S., Bally, J. & Liff, S. (1981). Pressures on women engaged in factory work. Employment Gazette (August), 344349.Google Scholar
Solomon, Z. (1985). Stress, social support and affective disorders in mothers of pre-school children: a test of the stress-buffering effect of social support. Social Psychiatry 20, 100105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spanier, G. B., Sauer, W. & Larzelerer, R. (1979). An empirical evaluation of the family life cycle. Journal of Marriage and the Family 41, 2738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stellman, J. M. (1977). Women's Work, Women's Health: Myths and Realities. Pantheon Press: New York.Google Scholar
Stokes, G. & Cochrane, R. (1984). A study of the psychological effects of redundancy and unemployment. Journal of Occupational Psychology 57, 309322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waite, L. J. (1980). Working wives and the family life cycle. American Journal of Sociology 86, 272294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warr, P. B. & Parry, G. (1982 a). Paid employment and women's psychological well-being. Psychological Bulletin 91, 498516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warr, P. B. & Parry, G. (1982 b). Depressed mood in working class mothers with and without paid employment. Social Psychiatry 17, 161165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warr, P. B., Banks, M. & Ullah, P. (1985). The experience of unemployment among black and white teenagers. British Journal of Psychology 76, 7587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, M. M., Leaf, P. J. & Livingstone, B. M. (1987). Single parent women. Social Psychiatry 22, 2936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zajicek-Coleman, E., Ghodsian, M. & Wolkind, S. N. (1986). Depression in mothers 6 years after the birth of the first child. Social Psychiatry 21, 7682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed