Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-qks25 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-16T07:52:12.816Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Displaced persons in Queensland: Stuart migrant camp

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2018

Jayne Persian*
Affiliation:
Jayne.Persian@usq.edu.au
Get access

Abstract

This article examines the lived experience and recent commemorative efforts relating to the experience of displaced prsons who were sent to Queensland in the post-war period. 170,000 displaced persons — predominantly Central and Eastern Europeans — arrived in Australia between 1947 and 1952. They were sent to reception and training centres upon their arrival before commencing a two-year indentured labour contract. Memorialisation of these camps tends to present them as the founding places of the migrant experience in Australia; however, there has been very little historical work on displaced persons in Queensland, or on the Queensland migrant camps — Wacol, Enoggera, Stuart and Cairns. This article focuses on recent commemorative attempts surrounding the Stuart migrant camp in order to argue that, in relation to displaced persons, family and community memories drive commemorative activities.

Type
Museums and engagement in Queensland: Critical contributions to the field
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1 Johnston, Julie, Displaced (2016), 7Google Scholar.

2 Persian, Jayne, Beautiful Balts: From displaced persons to new Australians (Sydney: NewSouth Publishing, 2017), pp. 74, 75Google Scholar.

3 Petersons, Inese (1947– ), interviewed by Allison Murchie, 2002, South Australians Acting for Change: Welcoming Refugees Oral History Project, OH 636/2, State Library of South Australia; Persian, Beautiful Balts, pp. 77, 82–3Google Scholar.

4 Dellios, Alexandra, ‘Commemorating migrant camps: Vernacular memories in official spaces’, Journal of Australian Studies, 39(2) (2015), 252CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Wills, Sara, ‘Between the hostels and the detention centre: Possible trajectories of migrant pain and shame in Australia’, in Logan, William and Reeves, Keir (eds), Places of pain and shame: Dealing with ‘difficult heritage’ (London: Routledge, 2009), 266Google Scholar.

6 Sluga, Glenda, Bonegilla: A place of no hope (Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 1988), p. 133Google Scholar.

7 Pennay, Bruce, Benalla migrant camp: A difficult heritage (Benalla: Benalla Migrant Camp Inc., 2015), p. 2Google Scholar; Persian, Jayne, ‘Bonegilla: A failed narrative’, History Australia, 9(1) (2012), 79CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

9 Persian, Beautiful Balts, p. 198.

10 ‘Considerations to govern the employment of displaced persons during the two years after their arrival in Australia, undated’, Displaced Persons Employment Opportunities Policy part 1 (1947–48), correspondence files, 179/9/3, Department of Immigration, Central Office, A445, National Archives of Australia.

11 Jupp, James, Exile or refuge? The settlement of refugee, humanitarian and displaced immigrants (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1994), p. 34–5Google Scholar.

12 Panich, Catherine, Sanctuary? Remembering postwar immigration (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1988), p. 124Google Scholar.

13 Vidonja Balazategui, Bianka, Gentlemen of the flashing blade (Townsville: James Cook University, 1990), p. 14Google Scholar.

14 ibid., p. xiv.

15 Evans, Raymond, A history of Queensland (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 128Google Scholar.

16 ‘What states are doing’, Good Neighbour, 1 October 1951, 2.

17 Balazategui, Gentlemen of the flashing blade, pp. 19, 97; Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs Branch, DIMIA, Wacol remembered: 1949–1987 (Canberra: Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, 2003), pp. 25, 31Google Scholar.

18 Stuart State School Centenary Committee, Stuart State School: Centenary 1891–1991 (Stuart: Stuart State School, 1991), p. 36Google Scholar.

19 Balazategui, Gentlemen of the flashing blade, p. 2, n. 4.

20 Panich, Sanctuary, p. 125.

21 Balazategui, Gentlemen of the Flashing Blade, p. 21.

22 Panich, Sanctuary, p. 124.

23 ‘Health advice to cane cutters in the sugar industry’, Employment: Displaced persons for the sugar industry; Balts [Yungaba accommodation], 1948-1949, Department of Immigration, Queensland Branch, 1948/5437, J25, National Archives of Australia.

24 Balazategui, Gentlemen of the flashing blade, p. 84.

25 ibid., pp. 36, 41.

26 Öpik, Paul, ‘Ingham (Australia), 1948’ in Vasilas, Vasilios (ed.), Across lands and oceans … to freedom: Stories and photographs from the Estonian journey to Australia & New Zealand (Riverwood: Ligare Book Printers, 2015), vol. II, 218.Google Scholar

27 Balazategui, Gentlemen of the flashing blade, p. 30.

28 ibid., p. 92.

29 Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs Branch, DIMIA, Wacol remembered, p. 36.

30 Öpik, ‘Ingham (Australia), 1948’, p. 218.

31 Panich, Sanctuary, p. 125.

32 Andrew Markus, cited in Barbara E Bryan, ‘Recalcitrant women? The effects of immigration policies on displaced persons women 1948–1952’, unpublished MA thesis, Griffith University, 1996, p. 51.

33 ‘Balt problems’, report of Miss H. Dobson from Ingham, Queensland dated 12 August 1948, Displaced persons, reports by social workers, Correspondence Files, 1948/23/4096, Employment Division [II], Department of Labour and National Service, B550, National Archives of Australia.

35 Balazategui, Gentlemen of the flashing blade, pp. 32–3.

36 ‘Balts sour over sugar’, Courier-Mail, 28 April 1948, 1.

37 ‘Letter from S. J. Dempsey, Department of Immigration to the acting Secretary, 3 January 1951’, Displaced persons employment policy part 3, Correspondence Files, 179/9/5, Department of Immigration, Central Office, A445, National Archives of Australia.

38 Balazategui, Gentlemen of the flashing blade, pp. 95, 74.

39 Panich, Sanctuary, p. 124.

40 Australian Sugar Journal, 15 December 1948, cited in Balazategui, Gentlemen of the Flashing Blade, p. 96.

41 ‘A critic changed his mind’, Good Neighbour, 1 January 1953, 3.

42 Balazategui, Gentlemen of the flashing blade, p. 84.

43 ‘Two new holding centres’, Good Neighbour, 1 November 1950, 4.

44 Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs Branch, DIMIA, Wacol remembered, p. 18.

45 ‘Local family remembers life in the Cairns Immigration Holding Centre during the 1950s’, Tropic Now, 27 May 2016.

47 Binder, Anton, The story of the bloody new Australians: Memoirs of Stuart migrant camp (Townsville: Author, 2016)Google Scholar.

48 ‘Stuart start’, Townsville Eye, 10 August 2016; ‘Woodside’s stork is a busy bird’, Good Neighbour (ACT), 1 March 1951.

49 Starke, Rose, ‘Memories of the migrant centre, Stuart, from Rose Starke’, in Stuart State School Centenary Committee (ed.), Stuart State School, 37Google Scholar.

50 Binder, The story of the bloody new Australians.

52 Dellios, Alexandra, Histories of controversy: Bonegilla migrant centre (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2017), p. 6Google Scholar; Staweno, Mal, ‘From Mal Staweno, president of the Polish Assoc, in Townsville’, in Stuart State School Centenary Committee (ed.), Stuart State School, 36Google Scholar.

55 Persian, Beautiful Balts, p. 78.

56 Panich, Sanctuary, p. 188-9.

57 Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs Branch, DIMIA, Wacol remembered.

58 Donna Kleiss, ‘Migrant women at Wacol’, State Library of Queensland, 8 May 2015, http://blogs.slq.qld.gov.au/jol/2015/05/08/digitised-slq-migrant-women-at-wacol, accessed 1 November 2016.

59 Wodonga Council, ‘Bonegilla migrant experience’, The Bonegilla Migrant Experience, http://www.bonegilla.org.au, accessed 1 November 2016.

60 Kins, Andra, ‘Gunta Parups: A Latvian in Australia’, Artlink, 11(1–2) (1991), 91Google Scholar.

61 John Gebhardt interview with Jayne Persian, 7 August 2008.

62 ibid.; Anvil Creek, Hunter Valley, ‘Welcome to the Greta Camp Image Gallery’, http://anvilcreek.com/campgreta/index.php, accessed 22 July 2008 [no longer available].

63 Sabine Smyth, ‘Finally on the State Heritage List’, Benalla Migrant Camp exhibition — news and updates, 17 May 2016, http://benallamigrantcampexhibition.blogspot.com.au, accessed 18 May 2016.

64 Navarre, Eugenie, The cane barracks story: Sugar cane pioneers and their epic feats (Trinity Beach: Glass House Books, 2007), p. 39Google Scholar.

65 Clark, Terence, ‘Ghosts and doppelgänger’, in Balodis, Janis (ed.), The ghosts trilogy (Sydney: Currency Press, 1997), p. ixGoogle Scholar.

66 Balodis, The ghosts trilogy, p. 38.

67 ibid., p. 41.

68 ibid., p. 45.

69 ibid., p. 80.

70 Johnston, Displaced, preface, pp. 38–9, 49.

71 Skultans, Vieda, The testimony of lives: Narrative and memory in Post-Soviet Latvia (London: Routledge, 1998), p. xiiGoogle Scholar; Longley, Kateryna, ‘The fifth world’, in Pavlyshyn, Marko (ed.), Ukrainian settlement in Australia: Fifth conference, Melbourne, 16–18 February 1990 (Melbourne: Slavic Section, Monash University, 1993), 130 [my emphasis]Google Scholar.

72 Kaylene Kotlarewski, ‘Stuart, North Queensland migration camp for displaced refugees’, National Archives of Australia, 17 June 2014, http://forum.naa.gov.au/forum/topics/stuart-north-queensland-migration-camp-for-displaced-refugees, accessed 1 November 2016.

73 ‘Stuart migrant camp Townsville’, Facebook page, 13 February 2017, https://www.facebook.com/Stuart-Migrant-Camp-Townsville-957983340942183, accessed 23 March 2018.

74 Lucia Johnston, ‘Reply by Lucia Johnston’, internet forum post, 2 September 2014, http://forum.naa.gov.au/forum/topics/stuart-north-queensland-migration-camp-for-displaced-refugees?commentId=6362943%3AComment%3A71125, accessed 23 March 2018.

75 Tess Lyssiotis, cited in Sluga, Glenda, ‘Bonegilla and migrant dreaming’, in Darian-Smith, Kate and Hamilton, Paula (eds), Memory and history in twentieth-century Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1994), 204–5Google Scholar.

76 Manuscript of Michael Cigler, undated, Papers of Michael Cigler, MS 8235, National Library of Australia.