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Mary Mayne: Matriarch and Colonial Businesswoman
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 February 2016
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Mary Mayne was the mother of Mary Emelia and James Mayne, two of the most significant benefactors to The University of Queensland, and the impulse for their philanthropy can partly be traced directly to her. She was an extremely successful businesswoman in colonial Brisbane, yet her business achievements have been overlooked by assumptions that the family's wealth came only from the foundations laid by her husband, Patrick — even though it was her fortune, as well as his, which funded her children's final bequests to the university. By the time of Patrick's death in August 1865, Mary was experienced in business, which was unusual for married women during this era. Her experience and skills enabled her to take over the administration of his estate and, despite his debts, to preserve most of his property holdings. At the same time, she amassed her own fortune. Although she faced a number of hurdles, her success proves that widows with skills and assets were able to operate as effectively as men in the commercial world, and undermines simplistic assumptions about the impact of gender discriminatory barriers in colonial society.
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1
I would like to thank the many friends and colleagues who have helped me in this project. I am especially indebted to my colleague who so generously read each draft, provided me with advice and listened so patiently as I explored various ideas.Google Scholar
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3
Bounty Index for the Champion, SRNSW, SR Reel 1343. One clue that Mary had raised her age is that her immigration papers show she was under the protection of a married couple for the voyage. Her death certificate states that on 4 September 1889, when she died, she was 63 years and 19 days old. It also gives her age at marriage as 23 years. A copy of her death certificate is held with the estate papers of her eldest son, Isaac. QSA, Supreme Court, Southern District, Ecclesiastical files, no. 294 of 1905, microfilm Z 1701 (hereafter referred to as Death certificate of Mary Mayne). Contrast this interpretation with Rosamond Siemon, The Mayne Inheritance (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1997): 32, 129.Google Scholar
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Bounty Index for the Percy, SRNSW SR Reel 1346 and MBC, 29 September 1849, p. 1 and Will and estate papers of Patrick Mayne, QSA, SCT/P7, Supreme Court, Southern District, Ecclesiastical files, no. 298 of 1865 (hereafter Estate papers of P. Mayne).Google Scholar
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12
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15
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26
QSA, SCT/DX10, Indexes to Registers of Judgements and Orders contains an entry, no. 182 for Michaelmas Term 1866 for the Bank of NSW v Mary Mayne. The papers associated with this have not yet been found.Google Scholar
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47
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50
The legal papers relating to this dispute have not yet been found. Some of the details can be traced through the registers of the Colonial Secretary's Office: see QSA, COL/BIO, Colonial Secretary, Register of Letters, microfilm Z 4329 and COL/B11, microfilm Z 4393. An entry dated 3 September 1869 shows that Mary had lost the contract, see COL/B10, p. 242, letter no. 3363.Google Scholar
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BC, 13 September, 1866, p. 1, and see for example QSA, SCT/CO19, Judgment files in civil cases, no. 72, Mayne and others v Flannery.
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59Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne. The land at Milton was portions 210 and 215, parish of Enoggera. The land at Spring Hill was portions 234 and 232, parish of North Brisbane.Google Scholar
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BC, 22 March 1864, and Balance Books of the Brisbane Saw Mill, August 1874. I am indebted to E. Brown for both references; Qld Land Titles, Application bundle 3841. After the flood, the licensee, William Alley, moved to The Duke of Cornwall at the corner of Margaret and Edward Streets, MBC, 6 April 1864, p. 3, and 21 April 1864, p. 2.Google Scholar
62Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne and BC 12 October 1866, p. 2. Patrick owned houses in Adelaide St, William St, Leichhardt St, Creek St, at the slaughter yards, at Sandgate and on the Moggill land.Google Scholar
63
BC, 9 October 1866, p. 2 and Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne. The repairs were paid for in November 1866.Google Scholar
64Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne. Contrast this with Siemon, The Mayne Inheritance: 106, 93. It was the repairs from these fires, not the fire of December 1864, which were tabulated in the estate accounts. The section of Queen Street destroyed by fire in December 1864 was in the eastern block bounded by Albert and George Streets: BC, 2 December 1864, p. 2. All of Patrick's Queen Street holdings were in the section bounded by Edward and Albert Streets. If Patrick had lost property in the December 1864 fire, he would not have been selected as one of the jurors for the inquest into the cause of the fire, BC, 6 December 1864, p. 2.Google Scholar
65
BC, 9 October 1866, p. 2 and ‘Queen Street in 1865. What Brisbane was Like Nearly 70 Years Ago’, by an ‘Old Hand’, T. Welsby's cutting book, Royal Historical Society of Queensland. The item appeared in the BC, 8 July 1933, p. 18.Google Scholar
67Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne.Google Scholar
68
Calthorpe, K. D.
Capell, K., Brisbane on Fire: A History of Firefighting 1860–1925 (Brisbane: Ken Capell): 48; BC, 1 January 1869, p. 2. Mayne purchased the land and buildings in 1853, NSW Land Titles, Register of Deeds, Book 27, no. 383, Queenslander, 2 January 1869, p. 5 and BC, 1 January 1869, p. 2.Google Scholar
73This was allotment 17, section 2, NSW Land Titles, Register of Town Purchases, no. 39, p. 80. Royal Historical Society of Queensland, photographic collection, P. 4565. In 1860 a coach house was erected on the opposite boundary. MBC, 20 March 1860, p. 2.Google Scholar
74
The adjacent block, allotment 16, section 2 was purchased from William Sheehan in 1854, Qld Land Titles, vol. 2. f. 495, NSW Land Titles Office, Register of Deeds, Book 18. f. 115, MBC 23 April 1853, p. 2 and Inventory of items auctioned by Mary Mayne, BC, 12 January 1872, p. 4.Google Scholar
75
BC, 12 January 1872, p. 4. It is unlikely that the goodwill was sold as no one subsequently traded under the name of Mayne, and by this time it would have been the name which was the valuable component if some one did not operate from the same premises Mary and Patrick had used. Compare this interpretation with Siemon, The Mayne Inheritance: 110, 121.Google Scholar
76Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne and Qld Land Titles, Book 35, no. 184.Google Scholar
77QSA, SCT/EO2, Files relating to articled clerks 1856–1871, no. 59.Google Scholar
78For example, see the indenture papers for Ernest Goertz whose father, William, was a wine and spirit merchant in Brisbane, QSA, SCT/EO3, Files relating to articled clerks, no. 64.Google Scholar
79
Rosey left All Hallows school at the end of 1868: John Oxley Library, All Hallows Mss, OM90-59. Mary's purchase of ‘Moorlands’ and when she began living there are detailed later.Google Scholar
81Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne. The lower rent paid by Mary is because she paid rent only on the butcher shop, not the family home above.Google Scholar
82‘Bygone Brisbane. Recollection of the Early Seventies’, Royal Historical Society of Queensland Archives, Thomas Welsby's cutting book, vol. 3, p. 32.Google Scholar
84
Publican's Act of 1863, 27 Vic., no. 16, s. 34 and Inventory of items auctioned by Mary Mayne, BC, 12 January 1872, p. 4. Contrast this with Siemon, The Mayne Inheritance: 121, 176 and Rosamond Siemon, Postscript to The Mayne Inheritance (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1999): 11.Google Scholar
85The only indication of any modification is the £42 paid to Daly on 4 February 1872. Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne.Google Scholar
87
Stephenson, S., Annals of the Brisbane Grammar School 1869–1922 (Brisbane: Anthony James Gumming, 1923): 66, 216, 6. The early rolls have not survived and these dates have been compiled from other school sources: K. Willey, The First Hundred Years: The Story of Brisbane Grammar School 1868–1968 (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1968): 12. I am indebted to the Archivist, Brisbane Grammar School for the information about how long James remained at the school. BC, 2 January 1869, p. 1. For Isaac's schooling see QSA, SCT/EO2, Files relating to articled clerks 1856–1871, no. 59. The Collegiate school's fees were advertised in Pugh's Almanac, 1868. For William's attendance at the school, see BC, 10 October 1868, p. 3.Google Scholar
88
Book of Sundry Accounts for students, 1862–1874, p. 151, All Hallows School Archives. I am indebted to the Archivist for this reference.Google Scholar
90
Mahoney, J. M., Dieu et Devoir: The Story of All Hallows School, Brisbane (Brisbane: Boolarong Publications, 1985): 15.Google Scholar
91Mahoney, Dieu et Devoir: 12. JOL, All Hallows Mss, OM90-59 shows that in the early years of the school many girls only spent a few months or one or two years at high school. Rosey spent four years and nine months at high school, from 1864 to 1868.Google Scholar
94
BC, 26 February 1872, p. 2. Contrast this interpretation with Siemon, The Mayne Inheritance: 117–18.Google Scholar
95
JOL, All Hallows Mss, OM 90-59. For All Hallows’ fees see Post Office Directory, 1868, p. 24, F. O'Donoghue, Beyond Our Dreams: A Century of the Works of Mercy in Queensland (Brisbane: Jacaranda Press, 1961): 80, 93, and Book of Sundry Accounts for students, 1862–1874, pp. 151, 337, All Hallows School Archives. I am indebted to the Archivist for this reference. The only extra curricular subjects shown in these accounts are for three months’ dancing and callisthenics. This may not reflect what she did, as it seems more likely that these items would have been collated against the school fees, not the costs incurred in having clothes made, buying mirrors, hair pins and additional text books.Google Scholar
96
Although Bunton paid Isaac a small salary, this would not initially have been sufficient for his upkeep. In his first year Isaac received 10 shillings a week and this rose incrementally to £2 a week in May 1875. Mary agreed to provide board, lodging and clothing for Isaac. QSA, SCT/EO2, Files relating to articled clerks, 1856 to 1871, no. 59.Google Scholar
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99Inventory of items auctioned by Mayne, Mary, BC, 12 January 1872, p. 4, and BC, 26 February 1872, p. 2 and 19 August 1872, p. 2. In the latter the male is given the initials of H.C., suggesting that this may not be Mary and one of her sons. A check of inbound passengers as listed in the newspaper until May 1873 does not suggest any other arrival time for Mary.Google Scholar
101Memorandum of Conveyance, 6 March 1878. I am indebted to the Cultural Heritage Branch, Environmental Protection Agency, Queensland, file no. 600052 for this information: Qld Land Titles, vol. 257, f. 133. Siemon, The Mayne Inheritance: 127–28 states that ‘Moorlands’ was purchased by the Maynes in 1881 and that Mary did not own any property in her own right. But in Postscript to The Mayne Inheritance: 12, Siemon states that ‘Moorlands’ was purchased by Mary.Google Scholar
102It is possible that Mary rented ‘Moorlands’ from 1872, but there are no Post Office Directories between 1868 and 1874 which would confirm this. In the Post Office Directory for 1874 Mary is listed as Mrs Mein of Milton Rd (by the river) in the street directory. In 1876 she is also listed as Mrs Mein of Milton Rd. The name of Coronation Drive was initially listed as Milton Rd (by the river), later as Milton Rd and subsequently as River Rd and Toowong Rd. In the directory for 1883–84, and after, her name is spelt correctly as Mayne. That Mary was the Mrs Mein referred to and that she was living at ‘Moorlands’ is evident from the juxtaposition of her name next to that of Robert Cribb in all of the listings. There are a lot of anomalies in the early Post Office Directories: see R. Fisher, ‘Directories to People, Places and Patterns in Queensland since 1868’, Brisbane Archives and Approaches II, Brisbane: Brisbane History Group Papers, 7, 1988: 75—94. Contrast this with Siemon, The Mayne Inheritance: 122. Qld Land Titles, vol. 257, ff. 133–34 and BC 1 November 1876. I am indebted to the Cultural Heritage Branch of the Department of Environment and Protection for the last reference from file no. 600052.Google Scholar
103Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne and Qld Land Titles, Book 35, no. 184, and Book 46, no. 195.Google Scholar
104In the accounts, the capital raised from this is shown only as a single, undated entry. The timing of the sales can be traced through government records which show that the largest land sales were in 1875–1876, with the initial sale being in September 1874: Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne and QSA, TLS/O51, Journals of Conveyance, 28 November 1873–31 December 1875 and QSA, TLS/O52, Journals of Conveyance, 3 January 1876–23 February 1878 and Qld Land Titles, Application Bundle 3841 and vol. 235, f. 19.Google Scholar
105Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne.Google Scholar
106
Watson, D.
McKay, J., Queensland Architects of the Nineteenth Century (Brisbane: Queensland Museum, 1994): 73 (they have noted her as Mrs J. Mayne) and Queenslander, 11 June 1870: 2. This report states that the shops were built on land owned by Mary. The land had been purchased by Patrick on 19 July 1853 and 15 June 1854, see NSW Land Titles Office, Register of Deeds, Book 27, f. 383 and Book 33, f. 917.Google Scholar
107Qld Land Titles, Book 35, no. 155 and Application bundles 7129 and 7130. Mary paid £1230 in rent from 2 May 1870 to 31 December 1879: Accounts, Estate papers of P. MayneGoogle Scholar
108Watson and McKay, Queensland Architects of the Nineteenth Century: 73. Reuben Oliver had moved to the new premises by 23 July 1870. An advertisement in the BC, 20 July 1870, p. 4 shows the firm was still having a clearing sale at premises on the corner of Queen and George Streets. The firm's advertisement on 23 July shows the location as Queen Street, suggesting the move had occurred, BC, 23 July 1870, p. 2. The rental value is based on the income generated by the estate's shops in Queen Street: see Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne.Google Scholar
109
Megarry, R. E.
Wade, H. W. R., The Law of Real Property, 3rd edn (London: Stevens & Sons, 1966): 715–16.Google Scholar
110Qld Land Titles, vol. 257, f. 133 and Mortgage no. 67080. The principal was repaid on 1 September 1884.Google Scholar
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112
Succession Duties Act of 1886, Queensland. The relevant rates were published in Pugh's Almanac.Google Scholar
113
MBC, 20 March 1852, p. 2. The brawl in the hotel occurred in November 1851: L. Connors, The ‘Birth of the Prison’ and the Death of Convictism: The Operation of the Law in Preseparation Queensland, 1939 to 1859, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Queensland: 162. Contrast this interpretation with Siemon, The Mayne Inheritance: 38–39, 111.Google Scholar
114Rosey's desire to enter the convent can be traced to at least March 1873: Byrne, N., Robert Dunne: Archbishop of Brisbane (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1991): 96 and footnote 261.Google Scholar
115Mary Mayne to Reverend Mother Superior, 5 April 1875, Archives of the Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy, Brisbane. I am indebted to the Congregation for this reference. Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne.Google Scholar
116These sales can be traced through QSA, TLS/O51, Journals of Conveyance, 28 November 1873–31 December 1875 and TLS/O52, Journals of Conveyance 3 January 1876–23 February 1878.Google Scholar
117Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne. Some indication of the cost of this can be gained from the account for a postulant's habit (£5/12/4) in the Book of Sundry Accounts for students, 1862–1874, p. 337, All Hallows School Archives. I am indebted to the Archivist for this reference. Other items were necessary but the total bill would not have been large.Google Scholar
118John Oxley Library, All Hallows Mss, OM90-59; O'Donoghue, F., Beyond Our Dreams: A Century of the Works of Mercy in Queensland (Brisbane: Jacaranda Press, 1961): 93. N. Byrne, Robert Dunne 1830–1917: Archbishop of Brisbane (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1991): 90. Salaries for pupil teachers ranged from £20 for a first-year teacher to £40 for a fourth-year teacher: E. Clarke, Female Teachers in Queensland State Schools. A History 1860–1983 (Brisbane: Production and Publishing Services Branch, Department of Education, Queensland, 1985): 89. Whether Rosey was officially a pupil teacher at this period has not been positively identified as the register for females for this period is not extant. It is not certain where Rosey lived in Toowoomba, but she accompanied the early contingent of nuns there. In a letter to the Bishop in 1880, Mother Vincent mentioned that some pupil teachers boarded in some convents and contributed to the costs: Mercy Women Making History from the Pen of Mother Vincent Whitty (Ashgrove: Corporation of the Trustees of the Order of the Sisters of Mercy in Queensland, 2001): 105.Google Scholar
119
The premium for Isaac's article clerkship with Thomas Bunton was £75/15. The extra expense included stamp duty and legal fees. QSA, SCT/E02, Files relating to articled clerks, 1856–1871, no. 59 and Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne.Google Scholar
120Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne.Google Scholar
121Rosey was born on 30 January 1850 and William was born on 17 May 1856: QSA Index to Births, Deaths and Marriage 1829 to 1889, p. 9442, entry no. 1854/BP 1595 and p. 9442, entry no. 1856/B000066. For Isaac's age, see QSA, SCT/EO2, Files relating to articled clerks, 1856–1871, no. 59.Google Scholar
122Accounts, Estate papers of P. Mayne. Isaac was admitted as a solicitor on 15 September 1876, QSA, SCT/CK15, Roll of attorneys, solicitors and proctors, 1857–1953. He definitely had his own practice by 1881: see B. E. Turner, ‘Was Isaac Mayne an Insane Murderer?’, Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, 18 (8) (November 2003): 359, footnote 65.Google Scholar
123For the appointment of Isaac and William, see Qld Land Titles, Book 50, no. 275 and Application Bundle 7127; Estate papers of P. Mayne. The dating for when the estate was wound up and divided among the children can be traced in QSA, TLS/O106, Indexes to Journals of Conveyance, January 1892 to December 1892 and TLS/O66 Journals of Conveyance, April 1891 to June 1892. Compare this with Siemon, The Mayne Inheritance; 125.Google Scholar
124Affidavit of Mayne, M., Raff, G.
Darragh, J., April 1869; Accounts, Estate Papers of P. Mayne.Google Scholar
125Release from Darragh, Joseph
Mayne, Mary to Raff, George, 12 February 1870, Qld Land Titles, Book 35, no. 153.Google Scholar
126QSA, SCT/CO25, Judgment files in civil cases, R. Bushnell and others v M. Mayne, no. 1, Easter Term 1867.Google Scholar
128QSA, SCT/CO25, Judgment files in civil cases, R. Bushnell and others v M. Mayne, no. 1, Easter Term 1867.Google Scholar
129Mother Vincent to Sister M Carthage, 9 September 1889, Mercy Women Making History: 123. Siemon, The Mayne Inheritance: 127, 130 asserts that Mary remained a Protestant.Google Scholar
130For example, see her evaluation of the characters of various nuns in her letter of 17 April 1863: Mercy Women Making History: 44–48.Google Scholar
133Will of Mary Mayne.Google Scholar
134For the trust established for his daughter, Julia Parker, see Qld Land Titles, Application bundle 6625.Google Scholar