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Lucan/The Word at War

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2014

John Henderson
John Henderson*
Affiliation:
King's College, Cambridge
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Extract

there is a word — which bears a sword — can pierce an armed man

it hurls its barbed syllables — and is mute again

where it fell — the saved will tell — on patriotic day

some epauletted brother — gave his breath away

Dickinson (c. 1858)

your gaze scans the streets as if they were written pages:

the city says everything you must think,

makes you repeat her discourse,

and while you believe you are visiting Tarnara

you are only recording the names with which she defines herself and all her parts

Calvino (1979)

1.1. Since ‘World War War 2’ the study of Lucan's rhetoric has made successful, if sporadic and contested, advances on many fronts; much remains to be done for his poetic. It is likely that the ‘unassuming’ exegetical form of attention traditionally represented in classical scholarship by the former has favoured its development: you may identify a crazy (ab)use of, say, metalepsis without committing yourself to a particular valuation of a text; whereas the axiomatically enthusiastic valuation embodied in the study of poetics must soon come hard up against the trench-lines of hierarchies of sensibility and taste. Just how good is Lucan — I mean, as ‘a poet’? The often unspoken gloss is nearly always the (sub)agenda (The answer is, still: ‘Quite good: Silver.’). Those who have steadied their sights have made out a poet's design, a fight to achieve a strong identity over against his inheritance, working through and against the traditional battery of schemata.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ramus , Volume 16 , Issue 1-2 , 1987 , pp. 122 - 164
Copyright
Copyright © Aureal Publications 1987 

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References

This is for Karen. And all CNDies. My friends, Simon Goldhill and Jamie Masters, you made this very hard to write: thanks.

1. For impact of ‘The War’ on German scholarship in the 50’s see Rutz, W., Lucan (Darmstadt 1970) 6 Google Scholar. Rutz, W., ‘Lucans Pharsalia im Lichte der neuesten Forschung’, ANRW II 32.3 (1985) 1457–1537Google Scholar, is your up-to-date review of the Lucan scene. Häussler, R.: Das historische Epos von Lucan bis Silius und seine Theorie (Heidelberg 1978) 238 Google Scholar, refreshingly proposes that you sanction interpretation as the product of your political conditions. So —

2. I have aimed to reproduce some semblance of what Conte, G. B., ‘La Guerra Civile nella rievocazione del popolo: Lucano 2.67–233’, Maia 20 (1968) 224–53Google Scholar, aptly labels Lucan’s ‘petulantia espressiva e tumores suffocanti’. The voice would have to be Olivier’s, at Agincourt when —

3. This argument follows the lines of Kermode, F., Forms of Attention (Chicago 1985 Google Scholar).

4. Lewin, H., Christopher Marlowe the Overreacher (London 1953) 49 Google Scholar.

5. For this ‘slogan’ see below, 3–4.

6. See n.5 above.

7. See n.5 above.

8. Against such schemes of ‘oppositional ideology’ as that in Pfligersdorffer, G., ‘Lucan als Dichter des geistigen Widerstandes’, Hermes 87 (1959) 344–77Google Scholar, set the vaguenesses of Lucanian libertas: so Narducci, E., La provvidenza crudele, Lucano e la distruzione dei miti augustei (Pisa 1979) 14 Google Scholar.

9. Contrast Lintott, A. W., ‘Lucan and the History of the Civil War’, CQ 21 (1971) 488 CrossRefGoogle Scholar: ‘An epic poet who fixes his story firmly in the time, space and circumstances in which it really occurred …’ you see —

10. AM, F. M., Lucan: An Introduction (Ithaca 1976) 326f Google Scholar., supporting ‘Pharsalia’.

11. So Conte (n.2 above) 240: ‘che cosa sia la guerra civile’; Martindale, C. A., ‘The Epic of Ideas: Lucan’s De Bella Civili and Paradise Lost ’, CompCrit 3 (1981) 138fGoogle Scholar.: ‘ “civil war” as much … as “the Civil War” ’.

12. Scarry, E., The Body in Pain (Oxford 1985 Google Scholar), passim.

13. For this view cf. Haffter, H., ‘Dem schwanken Zünglein rauschend Wachte Cäsar dort’, MH 14 (1957) 126 Google Scholar. Feeney, D. C., ‘Epic Hero and Epic Fable’, CompLit 36 (1986) 137–58Google Scholar, esp. 141, usefully re-positions the contested terms ‘hero’ and ‘action’. The debate has lacked all input from narrative theory, —

14. Cf. Jones, C. P., ‘Homer’s Daughters’, Phoenix 39 (1985) 31 CrossRefGoogle Scholar on Lucilius A.P. 11.132 (Nero::Homer).

15. Martindale, C. A., ‘The Politician Lucan’, G&R 31 (1984) 64–79Google Scholar, esp. 75.

16. O’Donnell, J. J., “The Prologue to Lucan’, CW 72 (1978) 236 Google Scholar: Lucan has already toured the globe within 1–10 —

17. More on the ‘Emathian’ below, in 5.

18. E.g. 10.58.

19. The blunt Neroni of 1.37 yields to Caesar at 41, inserted tellingly between Julius’ career from Pharsalus to Munda (40, ultima funesta concurrant proelia Munda: ultimate Munda, end of the mundus) and Octavian’s Perusia to Actium/Naulochus; Caesare at 59 already adumbrates ‘the bad weather’ of Lucan’s lightning Caesar.

20. Cf. Häussler (n.l above) 45f; Ahl, F. M., ‘The Art of Safe Criticism in Greece and Rome’, AJP 105 (1984) 198f Google Scholar.: ‘To talk extravagantly of the emperor’s divinity is … to control by flattery and, simultaneously, to mock … his divine pretensions. Flattery is a kind of aggression.’ The obvious question will be: how does Ahl know? And: how do y—

21. At 10.543 respexit is (concretely) ‘looked back’, but also ‘thought of’ (cf. 6.185). Through the text, in agmine denso (543), a 10-book chain of poetry refusing to Upton.

22. I paraphrase Lucan’s last verses here, 10.543–46.

23. E.g. Saylor, C. F., ‘ Belli spes improba: The Theme of Walls in Lucan Pharsalia 6’, TAPA 108 (1978) 244 Google Scholar and 251 n.16 speaks of ‘Scaeva’s death’.

24. Conte, G. B., ‘Saggio di commento a Lucano Pharsalia 6,188–260’, in L’aristia di Sceva (Pisa 1974) 35 Google Scholar, studies the poetry of this hyperbaton, Virtus ringed by magnum crimen ringed by in armis/ … ciuilibus framed by nesciret … esset.

25. Inter(re)ference here with phrases like aliquem ad mortem dare, ‘put X to death’.

26. See Marti, B. M., ‘Cassius Scaeva and Lucan’s Inventio ’, in L. Wallach (ed.), The Classical Tradition: Literary and Historical Studies in Honor of Harry Caplan (Ithaca 1966) 239–57Google Scholar; Conte, G. B., ‘Ennio e Lucano’, Maia 22 (1970) 133 Google Scholar; Lausberg, M., ‘Lucan und Homer’, ANRWU 32.3 (1985) 1590 & n.96Google Scholar; Ahl (n.10 above) 117f. (refs, in 118 n.): Ajax, Horatius Cocles, Aelius (?), Turnus etc. etc. For Cato’s Opfertod as positive correlate to Scaeva cf. Ahl (n.10 above) 244.

27. Instead of the ‘word-play’, respect the density of the compressed range of Lucan’s abstemious text, itself wrung from the parsimonious Order that constituted Classical Latinity (Cf. Bramble, J., ‘Lucan’, in Kenney, E. J. & Clausen, W. V. [edd.], The Cambridge History of Classical Literature II [Cambridge, UK 1982] 541f Google Scholar.). Isn’t it uncomfortably obvious how far your Latin studies have been constituted as a collusion in the politics of language-policing, as a —

28. Highlights here from 6.203–50.

29. S-c-a-e-u-a’s options, laeua … u-a-c-a-s-s-e / ait culpa u-i-x-i-s-s-e sua spell a deviant choice to either side of u-i-c-i-s-s-e either ‘to lack his Scaeua’, ‘to have been lacking with his Scaeua’, ‘to have given his left hand exemption from military service’ (recall that epic shield with its, give or take a few, 120 holes, which won Scaeva the ‘name’ of his ‘fame’, Marti in Wallach [see n.26] 243) or ‘to have survived through the fault of Scaeua’, ‘to have stayed being Scaeua by being Scaeua’ … (Further interaction here between clipeo and culpa).

30. In Scaeuam … / in caput … oculi laeuom … in orbem (6.215–16) stakes out the set of equivalences: ‘Scaeva’, Caesar[ian] army, anti-uirtus, set up to be ‘head’ of a Scaevan, ‘sinister’, cursed, Caesarian ‘world’ … So the arrow is omni certior uoto, ‘surer than any could wish’, homing in on the particular truth of Bellum Ciuile, deuotio for deuotio, a ‘curse’ for the hero, not his own ‘vow’.

31. Yes, I write left-handed. You don’t?.

32. Cf. Newmyer, S., ‘Imagery as a Means of Character Portrayal in Lucan’, in Deroux, C. (ed.), Studies in Latin Literature & Roman History III (Brussels 1983 Google Scholar [= Collection Latomus 180]) 238 n.17: esp. 5.303, 308, 310 Caesar vs. 315 saeue, 364 saeua uoce, 369f. Caesar … saeui / … ducis; Scaeva as bear, 6.220, is, inevitably, saeuior.

33. Same pun in Saylor (n.23 above) 250.

34. So Marti in Wallach (n.26) 256.

35. Ogilvie, R. M., A Commentary on Livy, Books 1–5 (Oxford 1965) 266 Google Scholar on Livy 2.13.1.

36. Cf. Conte (n.2 above) 245 for the tis-Rede epic form, Fantham, E., ‘Caesar and the Mutiny: Lucan’s Reshaping of the Historical Tradition in De Bello Ciuili 5.237–273’, CP 80 (1985) 123f Google Scholar. on the minimal bearings given the mutiny scene. Lucan can treat names as noises, e.g. 2.544–46, Camillisi … Metellis / ad Cinnas Mariosque ringing Caesar magnisque; and he can create sardonic fusion, e.g. his Cordus, the quaestor come to ‘cremate’ Pompey’s quaesitum corpus (8.715–19; cf. 744 cremantis) can but suggest Cremutius Cordus, forced to death by Tiberius Caesar, his Pompeian bella ciuilia officially burned (Brennan, D. B., ‘Cordus and the Burial of Pompey’, CP 64 [1969] 103–04Google Scholar). More crucial to the project of Bellum Ciuile is the blurring between contemporaries, relatives, generations, countries achieved through restricted nomination: between Marii, Antonii, Bruti, Lentuli, Pompeii filii, Phocis/Phocaea.

37. Marti in Wallach (n.26 above) 262: Scaeva in Caesar, Lucan and Appian, M. Cassius Scaeva in Valerius Maximus, Cassius Scaeva in Plutarch and Suetonius, Scaevola in Floras.

38. More such B-movie omenclature in Caes. B.C. 3.91.3 of the ‘hero’ Crastinus: faciam, inquit, hodie, imperator, ut out uiuo mihi out mortuo gratias agas; Lucan picks this up for extended sarcasm in 7.470–75.

39. Cf. Mela 2.56, Romani nomen mutauere quia uelut in damnum ituris omen id uisum est (See Keller, O., Lateinische Volksetymologie und Verwandtes (Leipzig 1891) 232f CrossRefGoogle Scholar., who objects — and he’s not wrong, is he? — that dus-regnumi is just as ill-omened and posits a dis-recognized Illyrian name).

40. Dick, B., ‘ Fdtum and Fbrtuna in Lucan’s Bellum Ciuile ’, CP 62 (1967) 237 Google Scholar. Cf. Ahl, F.M., ‘The Pivot of the Pharsalia ’, Hermes 102 (1974) 314f Google Scholar. on 7.727 felix se nescit amari of Pompey. For other aspects of the nexus felix/Fortuna/Venus … Sulla/Pompeius/Caesar … see Ahl, F. M., ‘The Shadows of a Divine Presence in the Pharsalia ’, Hermes 102 (1974) 574f Google Scholar., (n.10 above) 287 & n.24.

41. Does Sulla’s failure to help elect him to Elysium’s felicibus umbris (6.784; cf. 301–03 felix Roma, si … Sulla … See Ahl [n.10 above] 139)?

42. So 10.43–45, specifically.

43. Translation, most imperial-ist of projects, can only succeed in its failure to capture the liberties Lucan takes with Latin in such a passage as this. You lose so much, —

44. Cf. 1.580f. for Sulla’s shade on the Campus Martius.

45. For ‘cosmic dissolution’ imagery in 214f. see Lapidge, M., ‘Lucan’s Imagery of Cosmic Dissolution’, Hermes 107 (1979) 363 Google Scholar.

46. The speech here gathers its threads: 70–74, exul … Marius … felix moriturus in urbe, 94, Fortuna redit, 118, Sulla redit, etc.

47. Cf. 222, meruit. In 2.108f., the slide from merces/mereo(r) into mors/morior is set out with special clarity, parui::satis, potuere::posse, mereri::mori (caedem … mereri = mortem mereri), 115–17, mortis … meruisse: the work of Marius. The ‘financial’ imagery runs all through these scenes, e.g. 60–63, 72, depositum, Fortuna, tuum, etc., and through (the) epic (E.g. 1.178f., 7.303 … Curio plays auctioneer of Rome, Metellus incarnates the treasury …).

48. See Conte (n.2 above) 243 on the semiosis of 233, its metrics, composition and projection of meaning through past-present-future (Cf. R. C. Lounsbury, ‘History and Motive in Book 7 of Lucan’s Pharsalia’, Hermes 104 [1976] 210–39, esp. 237f., for a similar view of book 7 as a unit.).

49. Ahl (n.10 above) 22.

50. Cf. 1.92f. for the law that potestas leads to division and conflict.

51. But cf. Jones, B. W., ‘C. Vettuleius Ciuica Cerialis and the “False Neros” of A.D. 88’, Athenaeum 61 (1983) 518f Google Scholar. for the ‘False Neros’. Tyranny is not exorcised by mere mortalit—

52. Propertius 1.7, 9.

53. Can you resist this: Caesar B.C. in 3 books, Lucan banned after 3 books of B.C. (See Ahl [n.10 above] 333f. for the gen on ‘The Ban’.)?

54. So Haffter (n.D above) 121f. (vs.: Ahl [n.10 above] 307 & n.).

55. Cf. Jal, P., ‘Les guerres civiles de la fin de la République et l’imperialisme romain’, in Brisson, J.-P. (ed.), Problèmes de la guerre à Rome (Paris 1969) 75–84Google Scholar.

56. For Caesarian speed cf. Newmyer in Deroux (n.32 above) 238 & n.18.

57. Few scholars have starred Caesar on Lucan’s hit-list of ‘sources’. See Rambaud, M., ‘L’apologie de Pompée par Lucain au livre 7 de la Pharsale ’, REL 33 (1955) 258–96Google Scholar; ‘L’opposition de Lucain au Bellum Ciuile de César’, IL 12 (1960) 155–62Google Scholar; and e.g. Lounsbury, R. C., ‘The death of Domitius in the Pharsalia ’, TAPA 105 (1975) 209–12Google Scholar and Offermann, H., ‘Curio — Miles Caesarisl (Caesars Urteil über Curio in B.C. 2.42)’, Hermes 105 (1977) 351–68Google Scholar.

58. Bruère, R. T., ‘The Latin and English Versions of Thomas May’s supplementum Lucani ’, CP 44 (1949) 145–63Google Scholar.

59. Tucker, R. A., ‘Lucan and the French Revolution, the Bellum Ciuile as a Political Mirror’, CP 66 (1971) 6–16Google Scholar. More Fortleben leads in Ahl (n.10 above) 58f.; Narducci (n.8 above) 149f.; Martindale (n.ll above) 133f. (esp. 134 on ‘Cowley’s … unfinished epic on the English Civil Wa—

60. Heath, S., The Nouveau Roman, a Study in the Practice of Writing (Salem, 1972) 161 Google Scholar, quoting and discussing Simon, C., La bataille de Pharsale (Paris 1969 Google Scholar).

61. Dick, B., ‘The Technique of Prophecy in Lucan’, TAPA 94 (1963) 49 Google Scholar: prophecy is ‘used for the ulterior motive of showing its futility’. Cf. Narducci, E., ‘Ideologia e tecnica allusiva nella Pharsalia ’, ANRW II 32.3 (1985) 1545f Google Scholar.

62. Ahl, F. M., Metaformations (Ithaca 1985) 280f.Google Scholar; for Roman Wars and their re-cycling in Civil Wars cf. Ahl (n.10 above) 82f.: Metellus Scipio, etc. Series, whether of Fatorum, Caesareae … domus, or of laborum (1.70,4.823,9.295) …, is the principle of epic narration as of Stoic concatenation (5.179; Lapidge [n.45 above] 368 for rerum series).

63. Ahl (n.10 above) 314f.

64. Ahl (n.10 above) 319 & n.23; Dick (n.61 above) 47f.

65. Ahl (n.10 above) 319 & n.27; Dick (n.61 above) 48f.

66. Lausberg (n.26 above).

67. Häussler (n.l above): Hübner, U., ‘Der Sonnenaufgang vor Pharsalus, Zu Lucan 7. 1–3’, Philologus 120 (1976) 112f CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

68. Ahl (n.10 above) 120.

69. Shoaf, R. A., ‘ Certius exemplar sapientis uiri: Rhetorical Subversion and Subversive Rhetoric in Pharsalia 9 ’, PhQ 57 (1978) 143–54Google Scholar; Zetzel, J., ‘Two Imitations in Lucan’, CQ 30 (1980) 257 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ahl (n.H) above) 225f.

70. Grimal, P., ‘En attendant Pharsale, Lucain po#x00E8;te de l’attente’, VL 77 (1980) 2–11Google Scholar; Narducci (n.8 above) 98. Miura, Y., ‘Zur Funktion der Gleichnisse im 1 und 7 Buch von Lucans Pharsalia ’, GB 10 (1981) 207–32Google Scholar, esp. 210, 214, 217, is particularly good on the ‘internalisation’ of morn in the form of doubt, hesitation, fear, etc. 10.542 dubius of Caesar held up besieged in the text, stuck fast by the text’s ‘running out’ on him, would be the telos of this ‘theme’, if —

71. So Marti, B. M., ‘Lucan’s Narrative Techniques’, PP 30 (1975) 76 Google Scholar: ‘almost an anti-epic’ (cf. Narducci [n.8 above] 15).

72. Bramble in Kenney & Clausen (n.27 above) 540.

73. Work such as A. Giddens’ (The Nation State and Violence [Berkeley 1985]) brilliant sociological analysis of modern violence focusses away from the ‘ahistoricality’ of re-presentations. But —

74. Harland, R., Superstructuralism (London 1987) 172 Google Scholar. This interpellates you, inescapably, beyond the Gramscian notion of a ‘Caesarism’ as ‘voluntary surrender of a free people escaping from freedom to one autocratic master’ (A. de Riencourt, The Coming Caesars [London 1957] 5). M-a-s-t-e-r-y is, itself, the problem, the problem of —

75. See n.74 above.

76. Cf. 1.20 and e.g. Plin. Nat. Hist. 6.181.

77. Cf. Ahl (1976) 222f., 10.189–331, esp. 269f. and cf. 191f.: ‘Let me count on seeing the springs of Nile and I will leave the poem’. Go explore Irwin, J. T., American Hieroglyphics (New Haven Conn. 1980) 79f Google Scholar. for discussion of Nilosis, this Quest for Origin-ality, where —

78. Harland (n.74 above) 41.

79. Hübner, , ‘Studien zur Pointentechnik in Lucans Pharsalia’, Hermes 103 (1975) 211 Google Scholar.

80. Hübner (n.79 above) 210.

81. Hübner, U., ‘Hypallage in Lucans Pharsalia ’, Hermes 100 (1972) 577–600Google Scholar.

82. Martindale, C. A., ‘Paradox, Hyperbole and Literary Novelty in Lucan’s De Bello Ciuili ’, BICS 23 (1976) 48f Google Scholar.

83. Hübner (n.67 above) 113, with refs.

84. Seitz, K., ‘Der pathetische Erzählstil Lucans’, Hermes 93 (1965) 221 n.2Google Scholar.

85. Martindale (n.15 above) 77 n.23.

86. Jal, P., La guerre civile à Rome, étude littéraire et morale (Paris 1963) 19, 27f.Google Scholar; Häussler (n.l above) 69f.; Ahl (n.10 above) 313f.

87. Hübner (n.81 above) 593 and see below, 5.

88. See n.87 above.

89. Hübner, U., ‘Episches und elegisches am Anfang des dritten Buches der Pharsalia ’, Hermes 112 (1984) 227–39Google Scholar.

90. Ahl (n.10 above) 247f.; Newmyer in Deroux (n.32 above) 232.

91. Ahl (n.10 above) 229.

92. See Tanner, T., Adultery and the Novel: Contract and Transgression (Baltimore 1980 Google Scholar). Linda Burgess had good work on this.

93. Martindale (n.ll above) 142; cf. Haffter (n.13 above) 121f.

94. Conte (n.2 above) 231.

95. Bramble in Kenney & Clausen (n.27 above) 539.

96. Seitz (n.84 above) 219. Start on Lucan with Scarry (n.12 above) 5f.

97. Hübner (n.81 above) 578.

98. Marti (n.71 above) 82f.; Ahl (n.K) above) 117f.: 7.205–13 means you. See Block, E., ‘The Narrator Speaks; Apostrophe in Homer and Vergil’, TAPA 112 (1982) 7–22Google Scholar for the Homeric-Virgilian ‘norm’.

99. Pfligersdorffer (n.8 above) 347f.; Dick (n.61 above) 46f.; Marti (n.71 above) 84f.

100. Marti (n.71 above) 86f.

101. See Frieden, K., Genius and Monologue (Cornell 1985) 161 Google Scholar for this argument.

102. Conte, G. B., ‘Il proemio della Pharsalia ’, Maia 18 (1966) 47f Google Scholar. (= Rutz [1970] n.l above 339–53): cf. 1.126, scire nefas, with 7.258. In general nescio plays an important role in Lucan’s poem.

103. Häussler (n.l above) 60f.; Marti (n.71 above) 76f., 85.

104. Cf. 6.641, damnarat sacris.

105. I stole this from J. M. Masters: now it’s ours.

106. French metaplasm from Heath (n.60 above) 161.

107. Cf. Opelt, I., ‘Die Seeschlacht vor Massilia bei Lucan’, Hermes 85 (1957) 437 Google Scholar (modality not temporal sequence); Bramble in Kenney & Clausen (n.27 above) 540 (on 7.470f.).

108. Seitz (n.84 above) 204–32, esp. 225; cf. Jal (n.86 above) 291.

109. Conte (n.2 above) 230, Martindale (n.82 above) 45f. See whether ‘epic of ideas’, ‘concettismo’, ‘cerebral intellectualism’, ‘mannerism’, even ‘expressionism’ are not disappointing labels for the Lucanesque (These are the favourites in the scholarship). ‘Naming’ is not, perhaps, —

110. Hübner (n.79 above) 209.

111. Kenney cit. C. A. Martindale, ‘Lucan’s Nekuia’, in Deroux (n.32 above) 168.

112. Nowak cit. Bramble in Kenney & Clausen (n.27 above) 544 n.2. See Bramble (n.27 above) 543f.; Martindale (n.82 above) 49 and for deviant similes cf. Miura (n.70 above) 229f.

113. Conte (n.2 above) 245.

114. Hübner (n.79 above) 201f.

115. See Caes. B.C. 1.38. Rachel Williams first interested me in this locus.

116. For ‘Caesar:subject::Fompey:object’ cf. Rosner-Siegel, J. A., ‘The Oak and the Lightning’, Athenaeum 61 (1983) 171f Google Scholar.

117. Hübner (n.79 above) 201f. for this and other ‘points’ about nomen.

118. For the Ilerda topography, find the Loeb Caesar B.C. end-maps.

119. On Vulteius see Ahl (n.10 above) 119f.

120. See Rutz, W., ‘ Amor mortis bei Lucan’, Hermes 88 (1960) 462–75Google Scholar, whence the main impetus for modern Lucan studies. Cf. Pfligersdorffer (n.8 above) 350f.

121. So lots of references to ‘volition’, e.g. 4.280 uelle mori (End of Caesar’s speech), 484 uelle mori, dense concentration of ‘visual’ language throughout — e.g. 568–71 despectam cernere lucem/ … uoltu spectare … / conspicitur … — and heaps of ‘wounds’, esp. 543, 546 (Last words and death of Vulteius).

122. Due, O. S., ‘An Essay on Lucan’, C&M 23 (1962) 68–132Google Scholar.

123. Jal (n.86 above) 537f.; Marti in Wallach (n.26 above) 251f.

124. Narducci, E., ‘Cesare e la patria (Ipotesi su Phars. 1.185–92)’, Maia 32 (1980) 175–78Google Scholar and (n.61 above) 1558f.

125. Ahl (n.62 above) 80f.; Nadeau, Y., ‘ Caesaries Berenices (or, The Hair of the God)’, Latomus 41 (1982) 101–03Google Scholar. For (Oscan) casnar : cani : Caesar see Keller (n.39 above) 327.

126. For lacer/lacertus, cf. 2.31, 37.

127. Narducci (n.61 above) 1560f.: cf. Virg. Aen. 8.112f.

128. Narducci (n.61 above) 1561 — as if Alexander before Ocean, 194, in extrema … ripa, the Ocean of Lucan’s tex—

129. Scarry (n.12 above) 63f.

130. Keegan, J., The Face of Battle (London 1976) 315 Google Scholar. Cf. Scarry (n.12 above) 70.

131. Scarry (n.12 above) 66f., 70f.

132. Scarry (n.12 above) 67 bis.

133. 1.6–7.

134. See Hübner (n.81 above) 581 & n.2. Cf. Scarry (n.12 above) 15f. for the ‘language of agency’ drawing off pain as (if) ‘in’ the weapon.

135. Hübner (n.81 above) 591.

136. Hypallage, figure of Civil War: e.g. Virg. Aen. 6.831 ne tanta animis adsuescite bella …

137. For such polyptoton in Lucan e.g. 3.544, 694, 4.624, 783, 7.573, Bramble in Kenney & Clausen (n.27 above) 552. On 1.6–7 cf. Jal (n.86 above) 322; Conte (n.26 above) 136; Enn. Ann. 582 Sk., pila retunduntur uenientibus obuia pilis. Virgil’s triplet, for the anceps pugna on the threshold of Italy, Aen. 10.360f., Troianae acies aciesque Latinae / … pede pes … uiro uir, is one matrix (Skutsch, O., The Annals of Q Ennius [Oxford 1985]Google Scholar, on Enn. Ann. 584); another would be Dido’s curse, 4.628f., litora litoribus contraria, fluctibus undas / … arma armis …

138. Lapidge (n.45 above) 360f.; Miura (n.70 above) 208f.

139. See Rosenmeyer, T. G., ‘Stoic Seneca’, Modern Drama 29 (1986) 92–109CrossRefGoogle Scholar, esp. 102f., for the Senecan poetic of the list.

140. Feeney, D. C., ‘Stat magni nominis umbra. Lucan on the Greatness of Pompeius Magnus’, CQ 36 (1986) 239–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

141. Conrad, P., The Art of the City (Oxford 1984) 3f Google Scholar.

142. For Lucan’s version see 9.986, uiuet.

143. Weber, M., The City (New York 1958) 211 Google Scholar, see 208f., ‘Military orientation of interests in the Ancient city’.

144. Scarry (n.12 above) esp. 121f.

145. Teichmann, J., Pacificism and the Just War (Oxford 1986) 52f Google Scholar. & passim.

146. Again, cf. Haffter (n.13 above) for the plottedness of this endin—

147. Cf. Ahl (n.10 above) 202 on 1.345 quae moenia fessis.

148. Cf. 3.296–99 … omnia Caesar / … praestitit orbem / … trepidantis moenia Romae (cf. 1.186, patriae trepidantis imago) … supereuolat Alpem (Newmyer in Deroux [n.32 above] 233f.).

149. For C-a-e-s-a-r/c-u-r-s-u-s cf. Miura (n.70 above) 217f. on 1.293f., 10.507f., Caesar semper feliciter usus / praecipiti cursu bellorum … (Always remember that bella is the first word of the B.C., e.g. 1.519, tantum audita bellorum nomine, Roma, / desereris).

150. See Serv. Aen. 10.14; R. Ellis, Catullus (Oxford 1889) 42 on Catull. 11.7, altas … Alpes.

151. Serv. Aen. 7.799; cf. Keller (n.39 above) 17.

152. Another epithet for Caesar, Newmyer in Deroux (n.32 above) 238 n.17.

153. Cf. Hor. Serm. 1.5.5, hoc iter ignaui diuisimus.

154. Cf. O’Donnell (n.16 above) on 1.1–7.

155. E.g. Cic. Att. 15.45. For Caesar’s villa there, Suet. Div. Jul. 46.

156. See 6.75 and Saylor (n.23 above) 254f.

157. Cf. the exuuiae of the ‘Pompey’ simile, 1.137 (Ahl [n.40 above] 307 n.10). For oscilla hung on trees at the feriae Latinae see Scullard, H. H., Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic (London 1981) 113f Google Scholar. (This) Nemus, then, is Pompey the tree / the trophy / the truncat—

158. Not Virgil’s Golden Bough but Ovid’s Reges, Fast. 3.371f., regna tenent fortes manibus pedibusque fugaces, / perit exemplo postmodo quisque suo (so too Strabo 5.3.12).

159. E.g. Met. 14.331, Scythicae stagnum nemorale Dianae (Orestes/Iphigeneia in Tauris, Virbius/Hippolytus stalk in the shadows here).

160. Cf. 1.446, Taranus Scythicae non mitior am Dianae.

161. Ov. Fast. 6.401f., paludes udae with Ahl (n.62 above) 316f.: e.g. Met. 15.268f., eque paludosa siccis humus aret harenis / quaeque sitim tulerant, stagnata paludibus ument.

162. From 1.150 through the text to 10.538.

163. E.g. 2.220, diuidit.

164. Cf. 3.75, pompa, 8.730–33, Pompeius … pompa. Hear too, each time, popularis, e.g. 7.694, Pompei nomen populare, 7.120f., out populis inuisum … aut hodie Pompeius erit miserabile nomen.

165. Chevallier, R., Roman Roads (London 1976) 211 n.19Google Scholar.

166. The complexity of the travel schedules comes out in Hor. Serm. 1.5.

167. See Strabo 5.3.6 for all this.

168. Cf. 5.400–02 (It held up Caesar’s cursus for 3 verses, 403) and Caes. B.C. 3.2. See too 7.395ff.

169. Cf. 5.250f.

170. Procul iam conspicit seems to give Caesar divinely powerful lenses, cf. Virg. Aen. 12.134, at Iuno ex summo (qui nunc Albanus habetur / … monti) / prospiciens tumulo … sic est adfata …

171. Cf. 6.3f., omnia Caesar / moenia &

172. See Feeney, D. C., ‘History and Revelation in Vergil’s Underworld’, PCPS 2V2 (1986) 7f Google Scholar.: note also Collatinas & arces, Virg. Aen. 7.774. Cf. Ahl (n.62 above) 308f., (n.10 above) 215f.

173. Ahl (n.10 above) 113.

174. Curia, 5.11, 32.

175. 5.7f., iuris (cf. 5.44, 12, ius … datum sceleri) … consul uterque … elicit … curia … uenerabilis ordo & patres & senatum &

176. 5.5.

177. 5.46.

178. 5.23, cf.22, cunctaque iussuri: :46, Magnumque iubete.

179. See Feeney (n.13 above) 240.

180. 5.44, cf.5.7.

181. 5.45.

182. 5.32f.

183. 3.107f.

184. 5.384.

185. 7.407f., Pharsalia tonti / causa mali, cedont feralia nomina Cannae / et damnata diu Romanis Allia fastis. / tempora signant leuiorum Roma malorum / & (cf. Virg. Aen. 7.717).

186. 5.48.

187. 1.6f.

188. See Martindale (n.15 above) 617f.; Bramble in Kenney & Clausen (n.27 above) 534.

189. See ‘The Secret Miracle’ in Borges, , Labyrinths (Harmondsworth 1970) 188f Google Scholar., where Jaromir Hladik finds that ‘The physical universe came to a halt’ as inter alia he ‘repeated (without moving his lips) Virgil’s mysterious fourth Eclogue’ and managed to finish the play he was stuck on in that instant when the squad fired. Now —

190. Horn. Od. 2.146f., esp. 153f. and Aesch. Agam. Parados.

191. Toynbee, J. M. C., Animals in Roman Life and Art (London 1973) 241 Google Scholar.

192. See 1.513f. for all this.

193. E.g. 4.403–14, 5.278, 317 … At 9.988 Caesar instead piles up his ‘turf’ to make an altar.

194. Toynbee (n.191 above) 240.

195. E.g. 3.320, Zetzel (n.69 above); Paschalis, M., ‘Two Horatian Reminiscences in the Proem of Lucan’, Mnemosyne 35 (1982) 342–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Narducci (n.8 above) 69 n.52. On Tonans and Augustus cf. Orimal, P., ‘Le poète et l’histoire’, in Durry, M. (ed.), Lucain (= Entretiens Hardt 15 [Geneva 1970]) 56 Google Scholar.

196. 1.1–12.

197. Conte (n.102 above) 47f.

198. Rykwert, J., The Idea of a Town (Princeton 1976) 70f Google Scholar. on the carmen, anticlockwise ‘gnihguolpnu’ and other Roman ‘disoicizing’ rites.

199. Seitz (n.84 above) 220f. Cf. Goebel, , ‘Rhetorical and Poetical Thinking in Lucan’s Harangues (7.250–382)’, TAPA 111 (1981) 79–94Google Scholar on the deformation and supplementation of topoi in the speeches of book 7.

200. Narducci (n.8 above) 15.

201. Virg. Aen. 4.624f., cf. Ahl (n.10 above) 187f.

202. Virg. Aen. 7.317, hac gener atque socer coeant mercede suorum: / sanguine Troiano et Rutulo (cf. Narducci [n.61 above] 1543).

203. Sall. B.J. 35.10; cf. Ahl (n.10 above) 89f.

204. 4.788f.; cf. Ahl (n.10 above) 216f.

205. Ahl (n.W above) 105f.

206. Seitz (n.84 above) 216f.

207. 7.395f.

208. See Narducci (n.61 above) 1539–64; Conte (n.102 above) 42–53; Bramble in Kenney & Clausen (n.27 above) 543, Ahl (n.10 above) 64f., 115f. Lausberg (n.26 above) 1565–1622, esp. 1616f., rightly declares that counter-imitation of the base-texts Homer-Virgil needs no verbal citation and so —

209. On Horace and Roma/ruina see Macleod, C. W., ‘Horace and the Sibyl (Epode 16.2)’, CQ 29 (1979) 220–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dutoit, E., ‘Thème de “la force qui se détruit elle-même” (Hor. Epod. 16, 2)’, REL 14 (1936) 365–73Google Scholar; Häussler (n.l above) 81; Jal (n.61 above) 251f. C. Salemme, ‘Lucano, i simboli e altro’, BStudL 6 (1976) 311f., usefully surveys Lucan’s ruinae.

210. Lyne, R.O.A.M., ‘ Scilicet et tempus ueniet …: Virgil’s Georgic 1.463–514’, in Woodman, T. & West, D. (edd.), Quality and Pleasure in Latin Poetry (Cambridge, UK 1974) 47–66Google Scholar. Cf. Conte (n.102 above) 42–53.

211. Feeney (n.172 above) 1–24, esp. 17.

212. E.g. 2.730f.: Virg. Aen. 2.707f., 3.4f., esp. 7: Virg. Aen. 3.522f.

213. Narducci, E., ‘Il tronco di Pompeo (Troia e Roma nella Pharsalia)’, Maia 25 (1973) 317–25Google Scholar; (n.61 above) 1545f.

214. E.g. Brennan (n.36 above) 104 on 8.717, infaustus Magni fuerat comes: Virg. Aen. 6.166, Hectoris hie magni fuerat comes; cf. 7.379, m/Magnus, nisi uincitis, exul.

215. 8.449f., quis nominis umbram / horreat? Ptolemaeus begins to spell ‘King’ in 4th C. b.c.e. Macedon, spreads via Egypt, e.g. to 2nd C. b.c.e. Commagene and 1st C. c.e. Numidia &

216. Turney-High, H. H., Primitive Wbr, Its Practices and Concepts (S. Carolina 1949) 204 Google Scholar.

217. 9.594.

218. Virg. Georg. 1.489.

219. Virg. Aen. 6.826.

22a Jal (n.86 above) 416.

221. See Bramble in Kenney & Clausen (n.27 above) 551f.; Due (n.122 above) 112; Ahl (n.W above) 145 … Esposito, P., ‘II 7 libro della Pharsalia e l’ideologia di Lucano (Un’ipotesi interpretiva)’, Vichiana 7 (1978) 125 Google Scholar n.16 usefully sees the sneer at Caesar the generalissimo in 7. Dickinson in Johnson, T. H. (ed.), The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson (London 1975) 15 Google Scholar — written c. 1858, first publ. 1945, sums it down: ‘We lose — because we win’. She —

222. Ahl (n.K) above) 88; cf. 84f.

223. Scarry (n.12 above) 340 n.65, with a Lincoln anecdote to the point: L. ‘writhed at a phrase in Meade’s general orders about ‘driving the invader from our soil’. ‘Will our generals,’ he exclaimed in private, “never get that idea out of their heads? The whole country is our soil.“ ’ Try: The whole planet is your —

224. 4.548f.

225. 7.501f.; cf.l22f.

226. On this Hilbner (n.79 above) 210 n.66; Narducci (n.61 above) 1551 n.K.

227. More on Httbner (n.81 above) 596.

228. Yet more Hiibner (n.79 above) 210.

229. Shorter, E., A History of Women’s Bodies (Harmondsworth 1984) 160f Google Scholar.

230. Cf. Jal (n.86 above) 275f.

231. Scarry (n.H above) esp. 115f.

232. Scarry (n.12 above) 119.

233. 3.758f.; cf. Rowland, R. J., “The Significance of Massilia in Lucan’, Hermes 97 (1969) 208 Google Scholar. Cf. Scaeva, Saylor (n.23 above) 251.

234. Cf. Brisson (n.55 above) 12; Scarry (n.12 above) 88.

235. Newmyer in Deroux (n.32 above) 237f.; cf. Saylor (n.23 above) 249 on 6.108f.

236. On the amburbium at 1.593f. see Rambaud, M., ‘L’aruspice Arruns chez Lucain au livre 1 de la Pharsale (w.584’638)’, Latomus 44 (1985) 281’300Google Scholar, esp. 289f.

237. For Scaeva as wall cf. Marti in Wallach (n.26 above) 248; cf. 2.6.

238. Ahl (n.10 above) 185f.

239. Davis, L. J., Resisting Novels (New York 1985), 56 Google Scholar.

240. Caesar B.C. 3.66f. is already, complicatedly, more than preter-lucid.

241. Ahl (n.H) above) 76f., with Virgilian profug- in 2.608, 611; cf. 3.6. Apt ‘Cretan lies’, 2.610f.

242. Rowland (n.233 above) 205f.: specifically, another Saguntum, 3.350.

243. Cf. 3.6.

244. Saylor, C. F., ‘Curio and Antaeus: the African Episode of Lucan, Pharsalia 4’, TAPA 112 (1982) 173 Google Scholar: for its omenclature, 4.656–64.

245. Saylor (n.23 above) 253f.: e.g. 6.75 ‘Aricia-Rome’ association under guise of measurement.

246. Ahl (n.K) above) 209f.

247. Jal (n.86 above) 156; Ahl (n.10 above) 177f., comparing Aeneid 4.347f. On Pompey’s ‘Love’, Thompson, L., ‘A Lucanian Contradiction of Virgilian Pietas: Pompey’s Amor ’, CJ 79 (1983-84) 207–15Google Scholar.

248. 2.136f.; cf. Veil. 2.27.1. A ‘Samnite' was a gladiator-type.

249. 5.27f., illic Roma fuit, Livy 5.19f.

250. 3.340f., post … translatas & Phocidos arces.

251. 5.73f.

252. 5.234f.

253. See Housman, A. E., M. Annaei Lucani Belli Ciuilis Libri Decern (Oxford 1926) 330 Google Scholar, for this ‘ignorance of heaven and earth and Latin’ of mine. His assurance, ‘ “Here lies the tropic of Cancer” is all that Lucan wants to say’ ‘argues ignorance of language and discourse and poetry? What is ‘All that’ Housman ‘wants to say’? What do you say with the word ‘Housman’, what does Housman name? This is the —

254. 9.565; cf. Viarre, S., ‘Caton en Libye: l’Histoire et la melaphore (Lucain, Pharsale, 9,294–949)’, in Croisille, J. M. & Fauchere, P.-M. (edd.), Neronia (Clermont-Ferrand, 1982) 103–10Google Scholar, esp. 105f. on Cato’s barred journey to Virtue; R. F. Thomas, Lands and Peoples in Roman Poetry, the Ethnographical Tradition (PCPS Suppl. 7) 108f. on ‘The Stoic Landscape of Lucan 9’; Ahl (n.10 above) 261f. On the march and oracle, 271f. for Cato: Hercules, Alexander.

255. 1.688f.

256. 1.63f.

257. Cf. Conte (n.26 above).

258. See Ahl (n.62 above) 280f.

259. E.g. Apollod. 1.6.3 for haima/Haemus; cf. Mayer, R. ‘Geography and Roman Poets’, G&R 33 (1986) 49 Google Scholar. For Lucan’s sangre y arena see Ahl (n.10 above), esp. 99.

260. For ‘Haemonia’ see Mayer (n.259 above) 49f.

261. E.g. Strabo 8.3.14 for why Homer called Pylos ‘Sandy’, emathoenta; cf. Schol. Horn. II. 9.382.

262. 9.969, etiamperiere ruinae. On ‘Emathia’ cf. Mayer (n.259 above) 49 (coyly): ‘No Hellenistic poet … would let the word gather dust.’

263. Puluis, e.g. framing ‘Scaeva’ 6.162, 247 (The ‘blood’ at 145, 157, 187, 224, 226, 250). The duststorm, e.g. 9.485–87, harenae & pulueris. Siccus is altogether a ‘buzzword’ in Bellum Ciuile. In the cult of literary ‘aridity’ —

264. The desert, e.g. 9.394–95, harenas … puluere. The amphitheatre, e.g. 4.708, fatalis harenae.

265. E.g. 9.990, Di cinerum.

266. 2.334, 336.

267. The ‘dust’ for the pompa of Pompeius, 8.730, 733, e.g. 8.774, cineres & harenas.

268. Ammon/ammos e.g. 9.523, 525, 527, puluere, Hammon, harenas.

269. For the poetic zoom from particle to cosmos and back, the continuum in Lucan and Seneca, see Ahl (n.10 above) 283f.; Rosenmeyer (n.139 above). Salemme (n.209 above) usefully resumes the force of the German work on ‘symbolic’ cosmology represented e.g. by König and Schönberger in Rutz (n.l above) 448f., 498f.

270. Add Monoecus’ tidal shore, 1.408f. Cf. Isthmos and cataclysm, 1.101; Newmyer in Deroux (n.32 above) 249.

271. On ‘losing touch’ cf. Narducci (n.61 above) 1552.

272. Scarry (n.12 above) 285 on this notion.

273. Scarry (n.12 above) 288f.

274. Cf. Caesar as Erysichthon at Massilia; O. C. Phillips (1968), ‘Lucan’s Grove’, CP 63 (1968) 296–300Google Scholar; and Amnion’s nemus, 9.522f. On Pompey’s Eichengleichnis, cf. Rosner-Siegel (n.116 above); Miura (n.70 above) 211f.; Newmyer in Deroux (n.32 above) 228f.; Ahl (n.10 above) 156f. & n.18; Narducci (n.61 above) 1553f.

275. Scarry (n.12 above). On Caesar’s Blitzgleichnis, cf. Rosner-Siegel (n.U6 above); Miura (n.70 above) 213f.; Newmyer in Deroux (n.32 above) 229f., 249f.; Ahl (n.10 above) 198f.

276. Ahl (n.10 above) 22: ‘Vast though the Roman Empire was, it was also paradoxically small’; cf. Bramble in Kenney & Clausen (n.27 above) 551. Calco is a ‘buzzword’ in Lucan e.g. 6.809,7.293, 9.977, 9.1044, 10.2 and, finally, 547. For coeo, cf. 2.13, concurro (2.15), sto (4.13) and, if you have time, cf. non uaco, e.g. 2.58f., 3.360.

277. Scarry (n.12 above) 61.

278. Scarry (n.12 above) 52–56, esp. 55.

279. Cf. Scaeva, 6.205, 249 for solus. Ahl (n.10 above) 200: ‘Caesar a-1-o-n-e is fighting for h-i-m-s-e-1-f’.

280. Monoecus is ‘from’ Aen. 6.830, socer & arce Monoeci I descendens & (cf. B.C. 1.407, solus sua litora &).

281. And finally — (Victoria.) ‘We are not a Muse.’