Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-sjtt6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-30T20:31:39.040Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Clicking, but connecting? L2 learning engagement on an ab initio Irish language LMOOC

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 April 2021

Conchúr Mac Lochlainn
Affiliation:
Dublin City University, Ireland (conchur.maclochlainn@dcu.ie)
Mairéad Nic Giolla Mhichíl
Affiliation:
Dublin City University, Ireland (mairead.nicgiollamhichil@dcu.ie)
Elaine Beirne
Affiliation:
Dublin City University, Ireland (elaine.beirne@dcu.ie)

Abstract

Language massive open online courses (LMOOCs) represent an exciting prospect for language teachers and instructors around the globe (Bárcena & Martín-Monje, 2014). In this paper, we report on the dynamics of participation and learner behaviour in an ab initio Irish language course. The course, Irish 101, ran during March 2019, and we used a mixed-methods approach to analyse both typical patterns of behaviour among course participants and learner reflections upon their reasons for doing so. Findings suggest that most learners use the course resources in an assessing and exploratory manner and are far less likely to produce, or to examine, second language (L2) output, either written or spoken. Learners were found to be selective and to demonstrate significant metacognitive awareness (Wenden, 1998) in their interactions and learning methods, displaying agency and exploiting affordances beyond the design of the course itself. Implications for LMOOC design, including the need to question whether courses should emphasise L2 production or resource provision, are considered, in addition to a general need for more granular, dynamic research, so as to better understand the types of learners who engage in LMOOCs and to better cater to diverse learning needs.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of European Association for Computer Assisted Language Learning

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Al-Hoorie, A. H. (2017) Sixty years of language motivation research: Looking back and looking forward. SAGE Open, 7(1): 111. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017701976CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, A., Huttenlocher, D., Kleinberg, J. & Leskovec, J. (2014) Engaging with massive online courses. In Chung, C.-W. (ed.), WWW ’14: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 687698.Google Scholar
Bárcena, E. & Martín-Monje, E. (2014) Introduction. Language MOOCs: An emerging field. In Martín-Monje, E. & Bárcena, E. (eds.), Language MOOCs: Providing learning, transcending boundaries. Warsaw: De Gruyter Open, 113. https://doi.org/10.2478/9783110420067.1 Google Scholar
Beaven, T., Codreanu, T. & Creuzé, A. (2014) Motivation in a language MOOC: Issues for course designers. In Martín-Monje, E. & Bárcena, E. (eds.), Language MOOCS: Providing learning, transcending boundaries. Warsaw: De Gruyter Open, 4866. https://doi.org/10.2478/9783110420067.4 Google Scholar
Bodnar, S., Cucchiarini, C., Strik, H. & van Hout, R. (2016) Evaluating the motivational impact of CALL systems: Current practices and future directions. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29(1): 186212. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2014.927365 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brophy, J. (1999) Towards a model of the value aspects of motivation in education: Developing appreciation for particular learning domains and activities. Educational Psychologist, 34(2): 7585. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3402_1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Central Statistics Office (2017) Census of population 2016 – Profile 10 education, skills and the Irish language. Cork: Central Statistics Office.Google Scholar
Chik, A. & Ho, J. (2017) Learn a language for free: Recreational learning among adults. System, 69: 162171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2017.07.017 Google Scholar
Colpaert, J. (2014) Conclusion. Reflections on present and future: Towards an ontological approach to LMOOCs. In Martin-Monje, E. & Bárcena, E. (eds.), Language MOOCs: Providing learning, transcending boundaries. Warsaw: De Gruyter Open, 161172. https://doi.org/10.2478/9783110420067.10Google Scholar
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, E. & Thomas, M. (eds.) (2015) Researching language learning interactions online: From social media to MOOCs (CALICO Monograph Series Vol. 13). San Marcos: CALICO.Google Scholar
Dörnyei, Z. & Ushioda, E. (2013) Teaching and researching motivation (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315833750 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Douglas Fir Group (2016) A transdisciplinary framework for SLA in a multilingual world. The Modern Language Journal, 100(1): 1947. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12301 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eriksson, T., Adawi, T. & Stöhr, C. (2017) “Time is the bottleneck”: A qualitative study exploring why learners drop out of MOOCs. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 29: 133146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-016-9127-8 Google Scholar
Gardner, R. C. & MacIntyre, P. D. (1991) An instrumental motivation in language study: Who says it isn’t effective? Studies in Second Language Learning and Acquisition, 13(1): 5772. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100009724 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorsuch, R. L. (1988) Exploratory factor analysis. In Nesselroade, J. R. & Cattell, R. B. (eds.), Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press, 231258. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0893-5_6 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderickx, M. A., Kreijn, K. & Kalz, K. (2017) Refining success and dropout in massive open online courses based on the intention–behaviour gap. Distance Education, 38(3): 353368. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2017.1369006 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, A. & Lamb, M. (2020) L2 motivation and digital technologies. In Lamb, M., Csizér, K., Henry, A. & Ryan, S. (eds.), The Palgrave handbook of motivation for language learning. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 599619. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28380-3 Google Scholar
Honeychurch, S., Bozkurt, A., Singh, L. & Koutropoulus, A. (2017) Learners on the periphery: Lurkers as invisible learners. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning, 20(1): 192212. https://doi.org/10.1515/eurodl-2017-0012 Google Scholar
Jenner, M. (2018) Are learners learning? (and how do we know?). https://www.futurelearn.com/info/press/research-insights/learners-learning-know Google Scholar
Jordan, K. (2015) Massive open online courses completion rates revisited: Assessment, length and attrition. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 16(3), 341358. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v16i3.2112 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kizilcec, R. F. & Schneider, E. (2015) Motivation as a lens to understand online learners: Toward data-driven design with the OLEI scale. ACM Transactions on Computer–Human Interaction, 22 (2). https://doi.org/10.1145/2699735 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamb, M., Csizér, K., Henry, A. & Ryan, S. (eds.) (2020) The Palgrave handbook of motivation for language learning. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lave, J. & Wenger, E. (1991) Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liyanagunawardena, T. R. & Williams, S. A. (2016) Elderly learners and massive open online courses: A review. Interactive Journal of Medical Research, 5 (1): 111. https://doi.org/10.2196/ijmr.4937 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackey, A. & Sachs, R. (2012) Older learners in SLA research: A first look at working memory, feedback, and L2 development. Language Learning, 62(3): 704740. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2011.00649.x CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mac Lochlainn, C., Nic Giolla Mhichíl, M., Beirne, E. & Brown, M. (2020) The soul behind the screen: Understanding cultural enrichment as a motivation of informal MOOC Learning. Distance Education, 41 (2): 201215. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1757408 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martín-Monje, E., Castrillo, M. D. & Mañana-Rodríguez, J. (2018) Understanding online interaction in language MOOCs through learning analytics. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 31(3): 251272. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2017.1378237 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyazoe, T. (2017) How does an LMOOC work? In Dron, J. & Mishra, S. (eds.), E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education. Vancouver: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, 638643.Google Scholar
Morgan, D. L. (2014) Pragmatism as a paradigm for social research. Qualitative Inquiry, 20(8): 10451053. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800413513733 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, G. (2011) Older language learners, social learning spaces and community. In Benson, P. & Reinders, H. (eds.), Beyond the language classroom. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 132145. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230306790_11 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ní Aodha, G. (2016) Over 2.3 million language learners have signed up for Irish lessons on Duolingo. https://www.thejournal.ie/duolingo-ireland-3100715-Nov2016/ Google Scholar
Conchubhair, Ó, B. (2008) The global diaspora and the ‘new’ Irish (language). In Nic Pháidín, C. & Ó Cearnaigh, S. Ó. (eds.), A new view of the Irish language. Baile Átha Cliath: Cois Life, 224228.Google Scholar
Qian, K. & Bax, S. (2017) Introduction to Beyond the language classroom: Researching MOOCs and other innovations. In Qian, K. & Bax, S. (eds.), Beyond the language classroom: Researching MOOCs and other innovations. Dublin: Research-publishing.net, 14. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2017.mooc2016.9781908416537 Google Scholar
Reich, J. (2015) Rebooting MOOC research. Science, 347(6217): 3435. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261627 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shadiev, R., Hwang, W.-Y. & Huang, Y.-M. (2017) Review of research on mobile language learning in authentic environments. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 30(3–4): 284303. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2017.1308383 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shah, D. (2018) By the numbers: MOOCs in 2018. https://www.classcentral.com/report/mooc-stats-2018/ Google Scholar
Singleton, D. & Ryan, L. (2004) Language acquisition: The age factor (2nd ed.). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokolik, M. (2014) What constitutes an effective language MOOC? In Martín-Monje, E. & Bárcena, E. (eds.), Language MOOCs: Providing learning, transcending boundaries. Warsaw: De Gruyter Open, 1632. https://doi.org/10.2478/9783110420067.2 Google Scholar
Stockwell, G. (2008) Investigating learner preparedness for and usage patterns of mobile learning. ReCALL, 20(3): 253270. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344008000232 Google Scholar
Swinnerton, B., Hotchkiss, S. & Morris, N. P. (2017) Comments in MOOCs: Who is doing the talking and does it help? Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 33(1): 5164. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12165 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorne, S. L., Sauro, S. & Smith, B. (2015) Technologies, identities and expressive activities. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 35: 215233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190514000257 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ushioda, E. (2009) A person-in-context relational view of emergent motivation, self and identity. In Dörnyei, Z. & Ushioda, E. (eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 215228. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691293-012 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ushioda, E. (2013) Motivation matters in mobile language learning: A brief commentary. Language Learning & Technology, 17(3): 15.Google Scholar
Ushioda, E. (2016) Language learning motivation through a small lens: A research agenda. Language Teaching, 49(4): 564577. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444816000173 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veletsianos, G., Collier, A. & Schneider, E. (2015) Digging deeper into learners’ experiences in MOOCs: Participation in social networks outside of MOOCs, notetaking and contexts surrounding content consumption. British Journal of Educational Technology, 46 (3): 570587. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12297 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veletsianos, G., Reich, J. & Pasquini, L. A. (2016) The life between the big data log events: Learners’ strategies to overcome challenges in MOOCs. AERA Open, 2(3): 110. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858416657002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenden, A. L. (1998) Metacognitive knowledge and language learning. Applied Linguistics, 19(4): 515537. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/19.4.515 CrossRefGoogle Scholar