Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-g78kv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-27T11:47:07.620Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Approaches to philosophy of religion: contemplating the world or trying to find our way home?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 September 2014

MIKEL BURLEY*
Affiliation:
School of Philosophy, Religion and the History of Science, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK e-mail: m.m.burley@leeds.ac.uk

Abstract

What is the point of philosophy of religion? Is it to help us find the right path in life, with the philosopher as guide and mentor? Or is it, as D. Z. Phillips proposes, to contemplate ‘the world in all its variety’, deepening our understanding of multiple perspectives (both religious and non-religious) without trying to appropriate or reject any of them? Recognizing certain shortcomings of the former conception, this article seeks to elucidate the latter and to engage with the critical reception of Phillips's work by other Wittgenstein-influenced philosophers. Towards the end, with reference to Rush Rhees and Wittgenstein, I discuss how giving expression to ‘wonder at what is terrible’ illustrates the ethical demand of a contemplative approach, and in conclusion I offer some thoughts on how this approach could usefully be enriched and extended.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, Pamela Sue (2012) Re-visioning Gender in Philosophy of Religion: Reason, Love and Epistemic Locatedness (Farnham: Ashgate).Google Scholar
Barnes, Barry, and Bloor, David (1982) ‘Relativism, rationalism and the sociology of knowledge’, in Hollis, Martin & Lukes, Steven (eds) Rationality and Relativism (Oxford: Blackwell), 2147.Google Scholar
Bloemendaal, P. F. (2006) Grammars of Faith: A Critical Evaluation of D. Z. Phillips's Philosophy of Religion (Leuven:Peeters).Google Scholar
Bloemendaal, P. F. (2010) ‘Contemplating possibilities of religious sense: true belief and superstition’, in Dalferth, & von Sass, (eds) (2010), 219236.Google Scholar
Braver, Lee (2012) Groundless Grounds: A Study of Wittgenstein and Heidegger (Cambridge MA: MIT Press).Google Scholar
Burley, Mikel (2012a) ‘Contemplating evil’, Nordic Wittgenstein Review, 1, 3554.Google Scholar
Burley, Mikel (2012b) Contemplating Religious Forms of Life: Wittgenstein and D. Z. Phillips (New York: Continuum).Google Scholar
Carter, William R. (1990) The Elements of Metaphysics (Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press).Google Scholar
Clack, Brian R. (1995) ‘D. Z. Phillips, Wittgenstein and religion’, Religious Studies, 31, 111120.Google Scholar
Clack, Brian R. (1996) ‘Wittgenstein and expressive theories of religion’, International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 40, 4761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conant, James (1995) ‘Putting two and two together: Kierkegaard, Wittgenstein and the point of view for their work as authors’, in Tessin, Timothy & von der Ruhr, Mario (eds) Philosophy and the Grammar of Religious Belief (Basingstoke: Macmillan), 248331.Google Scholar
Conant, James (2002) ‘On going the bloody hard way in philosophy’, in Whittaker, John H. (ed.) The Possibilities of Sense (Basingstoke: Palgrave), 85129.Google Scholar
Cook, John W. (1983) ‘Magic, witchcraft, and science’, Philosophical Investigations, 6, 236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, John W. (2006) Panentheism – the Other God of the Philosophers: From Plato to the Present (Grand Rapids MI: Baker).Google Scholar
Dalferth, Ingolf U. & von Sass, Hartmut (eds) (2010) The Contemplative Spirit: D. Z. Phillips on Religion and the Limits of Philosophy (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck).Google Scholar
Davies, Brian (2004) An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion, 3rd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Evans, C. Stephen (1998) Faith beyond Reason: A Kierkegaardian Account (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).Google Scholar
Frazer, Sir James (1993) [1922] The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, abridged edn (Ware: Wordsworth Editions).Google Scholar
Gale, Richard M. (1991) On the Nature and Existence of God (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford (1973) ‘Thick description: toward an interpretive theory of culture’, in his The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books), 330.Google Scholar
Harding, Sandra (2002) ‘Rethinking standpoint epistemology: what is “strong objectivity”?’, in Wray, K. Brad (ed.) Knowledge and Inquiry: Readings in Epistemology (Peterborough ON: Broadview Press), 352384.Google Scholar
Harris, James F. (2002) Analytic Philosophy of Religion (Dordrecht: Kluwer).Google Scholar
James, William (1921) ‘The will to believe’, in his The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.), 131.Google Scholar
Johnson, Patricia Altenbernd (2003) ‘Learning to question’, in Groenhout, Ruth E. & Bower, Marya (eds) Philosophy, Feminism, and Faith (Bloomington IN: Indiana University Press), 140151.Google Scholar
Kripke, Saul A. (1982) Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language: An Elementary Exposition (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
Lane, Keith H. (2010) Kierkegaard and the Concept of Religious Authorship (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck).Google Scholar
Mackie, J. L. (1982) The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
McLaughlin, Terence H. (1995) ‘Wittgenstein, education and religion’, in Smeyers, Paul & Marshall, James D. (eds) Philosophy and Education: Accepting Wittgenstein's Challenge (Dordrecht: Kluwer), 171188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MooreGareth, O.P. Gareth, O.P. (2005) ‘Wittgenstein's English parson: some reflections on the reception of Wittgenstein in the philosophy of religion’, in Phillips, D. Z. & von der Ruhr, Mario (eds) Religion and Wittgenstein's Legacy (Aldershot: Ashgate), 209228.Google Scholar
Mulhall, Stephen (2007) ‘Wittgenstein's temple: three styles of philosophical architecture’, in Sanders, Andy F. (ed.) D. Z. Phillips' Contemplative Philosophy of Religion: Questions and Responses (Aldershot: Ashgate), 1327.Google Scholar
Nielsen, Kai, & Phillips, D. Z. (2005) Wittgensteinian Fideism? (London: SCM Press).Google Scholar
Phillips, D. Z. (1970) ‘Philosophy and religious education’, in his Faith and Philosophical Enquiry (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul), 146169.Google Scholar
Phillips, D. Z. (1988) Faith after Foundationalism: Plantinga – Rorty – Lindbeck – Berger: Critiques and Alternatives (London: Routledge).Google Scholar
Phillips, D. Z. (1993a) [1986] ‘Primitive reactions and the reactions of primitives’, in his Wittgenstein and Religion (Basingstoke: Macmillan), 103122.Google Scholar
Phillips, D. Z. (1993b) [1970] ‘Religious beliefs and language-games’, in his Wittgenstein and Religion (Basingstoke: Macmillan), 5678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, D. Z. (1995) ‘On giving practice its due: a reply’, Religious Studies, 31, 121127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, D. Z. (1999) Philosophy's Cool Place (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, D. Z. (2001) Religion and the Hermeneutics of Contemplation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Phillips, D. Z. (2003) ‘Senses and sensibilities’, New Blackfriars, 84, 346353.Google Scholar
Phillips, D. Z. (2004) Religion and Friendly Fire: Examining Assumptions in Contemporary Philosophy of Religion (Aldershot: Ashgate).Google Scholar
Phillips, D. Z. (2006) From Fantasy to Faith: Morality, Religion and Twentieth-Century Literature, 2nd edn (London: SCM Press).Google Scholar
Phillips, D. Z. (2007) ‘Locating philosophy's cool place: a reply to Stephen Mulhall’, in Sanders, Andy F. (ed.) D. Z. Phillips' Contemplative Philosophy of Religion: Questions and Responses (Aldershot: Ashgate), 2954.Google Scholar
Rhees, Rush (1994) ‘The fundamental problems of philosophy’, Philosophical Investigations, 17, 573586.Google Scholar
Rhees, Rush (2001) ‘On Wittgenstein IX’, Philosophical Investigations, 24, 153162.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, Paul (1970) Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation (New Haven CT: Yale University Press).Google Scholar
Ryle, Gilbert (2009) [1967–68] ‘Thinking and reflecting’, in his Collected Papers, II: Collected Essays 1929–1968 (London: Routledge), 479493.Google Scholar
Shields, Philip (1993) Logic and Sin in the Writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).Google Scholar
Stephen, James Fitzjames (1874) Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, 2nd edn (London: H. Elder, & Co.).Google Scholar
Swinburne, Richard (1993) The Coherence of Theism, rev. edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilley, Terrence W. (2000a) ‘The philosophy of religion and the concept of religion: D. Z. Phillips on religion and superstition’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 68, 345356.Google Scholar
Tilley, Terrence W. (2000b) ‘ “Superstition” as a philosopher's gloss on practice: a rejoinder to D. Z. Phillips’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 68, 363366.Google Scholar
Winch, Peter (2008) [1958] The Idea of a Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy, 2nd edn (Abingdon: Routledge).Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1981) Zettel, 2nd edn (Oxford: Blackwell).Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1993) ‘Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough’, in Klagge, James C. & Nordmann, Alfred (eds) Ludwig Wittgenstein: Philosophical Occasions, 1912–1951 (Indianapolis IN: Hackett), 119155.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1998) Culture and Value, rev. edn (Oxford: Blackwell).Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (2009) [1953] Philosophical Investigations, 4th edn (Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell).Google Scholar
Wynn, Mark (2013) Renewing the Senses: A Study of the Philosophy and Theology of the Spiritual Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar