Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-7drxs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-24T15:34:55.278Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Finding a Job as a Humanist: The Epistolary Collection of Lapo da Castiglionchio the Younger*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

Elizabeth May McCahill
Elizabeth May McCahill*
Affiliation:
Princeton University
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The letter collection of Lapo da Castiglionchio the Younger offers important evidence about the dynamics of early-Quattrocento literary patronage. Like his more successful humanist peers, Lapo used Ciceronian expressions amicitia (friendship) when writing to the brokers whose help he needed in order to win a comfortable post. For most humanists, such formulaic assurances of devotion constituted only one aspect of letters that included discussions of philosophy, current events, and classical scholarship. Lapo, by contrast, focused his collected letters almost solely on these formulae, thus mocking their prevalence and emphasizing the difficulties of finding a job as a humanist.

Type
Studies
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 57 , Issue 4 , Winter 2004 , pp. 1308 - 1345
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

I would like to thank Anthony Grafton for his helpful suggestions on the many drafts of this article. I would also like to thank Christopher Celenza and an anonymous RQ reader for dieir comments and criticisms on both my translations and some of the larger themes of die piece.

References

Bibliography

MS Vatican City, Ott. Lat. 1677. Letters. 149v-229.Google Scholar
MS Biblioteca Comunale di Como 4.4.6. Letters. 293r-363v.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City Pal Lat. 918. Dedication and translation of Plutarch's Lives of Theseus and Romulus to Cardinal Colonna. 1-36. Life of Solon to Eugenius IV. 218-235. Life of Publicolo to Cardinal Orsini. 235— 248.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City, Vat. Lat. 1875. Dedication and translation of Plutarch's Life of Fabius Maximus to Al- fonso of Aragon. 294-305.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City, Urb. Lat. 447. Dedication and translation of Plutarch's Life of Aratus to Cardinal Cesarini. 79v-94. Life of Artaxerxsis to Duke Humphrey of Gloucester. 94v- 105.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City, Vat. Lat. 1880. Dedication and translation of Plutarch's Life of Themistocles to Cosimo de' Medici. 252v-264v.Google Scholar
Alberti, Leon Battista. The Albertis of Florence: Leon Battista Alberti's Delia famiglia. Trans. Guarino, Guido. Lewisburg, 1971.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City, Dinner Pieces: A Translation of the Intercenales. Trans. David Marsh. Binghamton, 1987.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City, Intercenales. Ed. Franco Bacchelli and Luca D'Ascia. Bologna, 2003.Google Scholar
Badian, Ernst. Foreign Clientelae (264—70 BC). Oxford and New York, 1958.Google Scholar
Baldassarri, Stephano. “Niccolo Niccoli nella Satira di Filelfo: La tipizzazione de una Maschera.” Interpres: Rivista di Studi Quattrocenteschi Diretta da Mario Martelli 15 (1995-96): 7–36.Google Scholar
Baxandall, Michael. Giotto and The Orators: Humanist Observers of Painting in Italy and the Discovery of Pictorial Composition, 1350-1450. Oxford, 1971.Google Scholar
Begliomini, Lorenza. “Note sull'Opera dell'Alberti: 11 “Momus” e II “De re aedificatoria.” Rinascimento 12 (1972): 267-83.Google Scholar
Bernardo, Aldo. “Letter-Splitting in Petrarch's Familiares.” Speculum 33 (1958): 236-41.Google Scholar
Bernardo, Aldo. “The Selection of Letters in Petrarch's Familiares.” Speculum 35 (1960): 280-88.Google Scholar
Biagoli, Mario. Galileo, Courtier. Chicago, 1993.Google Scholar
Bloch, Marc. Feudal Society. Trans. L. A. Manyon. London, 1961.Google Scholar
Boissevain, Jeremy. Friends of Friends: Networks, Manipulators, and Coalitions. Oxford, 1974.Google Scholar
Bracciolini, Poggio. “Oratio Tertia in Funere Nicolai Nicoli Civis Florentini.“ In Opera Omnia, ed. Riccardo Fubini. Vol. 1: 270-277. Turin, 1964.Google Scholar
Bracciolini, Poggio. Facezie. Trans. Marcello’ Ciccuto. Milan, 1983.Google Scholar
Bracciolini, Poggio. Lettere. Ed. Helen Hardi. Vol. 1. Florence, 1984.Google Scholar
Bruni, Leonardo. Epistolarum Leonardi Aretini Libri VIII. Basel, 1535.Google Scholar
Bruni, Leonardo. Epistolarum Libri VIII. Florence, 1741.Google Scholar
Burckhardt, Jacob. The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. Trans. Middlemore, S. G. C.. London, 1990.Google Scholar
Burke, Peter. The Art of Conversation. Ithaca, 1993.Google Scholar
Cardini, Roberto. Mosaici: II “nemico“ dell'Alberti. Rome, 1990.Google Scholar
Castiglionchio, Lapo da. “Studi su l'epistolario e le traduzioni di Lapo da Castiglionchio Juniore.” Ed. F. P. Luiso. Studi Italiani di Filologia Classica 8 (1899): 205-99.Google Scholar
Castiglionchio, Lapo da. Renaissance Humanism and the Papal Curia: Lapo da Castiglionchio's De curiae commodis. Trans. Christopher Celenza. Ann Arbor, 1999.Google Scholar
Celenza, Christopher. “Parallel Lives: Plutarch's Lives, Lapo da Castiglionchio the Younger (1405-1438. and the Art of Italian Renaissance Translation.“ Illinois Classical Studies 22 (1997): 121-55.Google Scholar
Celenza, Christopher. Renaissance Humanism and the Papal Curia: Lapo da Castiglionchio's De curiae commodis. Ann Arbor, 1999.Google Scholar
Celenza, Christopher. “Lapo da Castiglionchio il Giovane, Poggio Bracciolini, e La ‘Vita Curialis.'” Medioevo e Rinascimento 14 (2000): 129-45.Google Scholar
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. The Letters to His Friends. Trans. W. Glynn Williams. 3 vols.-London, 1927.Google Scholar
Clough, Cecil. “The Cult of Antiquity: Letters and Letter Collections.” In The Italian Renaissance: Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller, ed. Clough, Cecil, 33–67. New York, 1976.Google Scholar
D'Amico, John. Renaissance Humanism in Papal Rome: Humanists and Churchmen on the Eve of the Reformation. Baltimore, 1983.Google Scholar
Davies, Martin. “An Emperor Without Clothes? Niccolo Niccoli under Attack.“ Italia Medioevale e Umanistica 30 (1987): 96–142.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. N., and Roniger, L.. “Patron- Client Relations as a Model of Structuring Social Exchange.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (1980): 42–77.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. N., and Roniger, L.. Patrons, Clients and Friends: Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society. Cambridge, 1984.Google Scholar
Fernandez, Roberto, and Roger Gould. “Structures of Mediation: A Formal Approach to Brokerage in Transact i o n Networks.” Sociological Methodology 19 (1989): 80–126.Google Scholar
Fubini, Riccardo, “Castiglionchio, Lapo da, detto il Giovane.” In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 22 (1979): 44–51.Google Scholar
Fubini, Riccardo, and Anna Menci Gallorini. “L'autobiografia di Leon Battista Alberti: Studio e edizione.“ Rinascimento 12 (1972): 21–78.Google Scholar
Garin, Eugenio. “II pensiero di Leon Battista Alberti: Caratteri e Contrasti.“ Rinascimento 12 (1972): 3–20.Google Scholar
Giustiniani, Vito. “Sulle Traduzioni Latine dell ‘Vite’ di Plutarco nel Quattrocento.“ Rinascimento 1 (1961): 3–62.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, 1959.Google Scholar
Goldgar, Anne. Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters, 1680-1750. New Haven and London, 1995.Google Scholar
Gould, Roger. “Power and Social Structure in Community Elites.” Social Forces 68 (1989): 531-52.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. Leon Battista Alberti: Master Builder of the Italian Renaissance. New York, 2000.Google Scholar
Gray, Hanna. “Renaissance Humanism: The Pursuit of Eloquence.” Journal of the History of Ideas 24 (1963): 497– 514.Google Scholar
Grossmith, George, and Grossmith, Weedon. The Diary of a Nobody. New York, 1921.Google Scholar
Gundersheimer, Werner. “Patronage in the Renaissance: An Explanatory Approach . “ In Patronage in the Renaissance (1981): 3-23.Google Scholar
Holmes, George. The Florentine Enlightenment: 1400-1450. Oxford, 1992.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, G. O. Cicero's Correspondence. Oxford, 1998.Google Scholar
Jarzombek, Mark. On Leon Battista Alberti: His Literary and Aesthetic Theories. Cambridge, MA, 1990.Google Scholar
Kent, Dale. Cosimo De’ Medici and the Florentine Renaissance. New Haven, 2000.Google Scholar
Kent, Dale, and Kent, F. W.. Neighbours and Neighbourhoods in Renaissance Florence: The District of the Red Lion in the Fifteenth Century. Locust Valley, NY, 1982.Google Scholar
Kettering, Sharon. Patrons, Brokers, and Clients in Seventeenth-Century France. Oxford, 1986.Google Scholar
Kettering, Sharon. “The Historical Development of Political Clientelism.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18 (1988): 419-47.Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul O. “De Traditione operum Marsilii Ficini.” In Supplementum Ficinianum, ed. Paul O. Kristeller, 169-81. Florence, 1973.Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul O. Renaissance Thought and its Sources. New York, 1979.Google Scholar
Love, Harold. Scribal Publication in Seventeenth- Century England. Oxford, 1993.Google Scholar
Luiso, F. P. Studi suiepistolario di Leonardo Bruni. Ed. Rosa, Lucia G.. Rome, 1980.Google Scholar
Lytle, Guy. “Friendship and Patronage in Renaissance Europe.” In Patronage, Art, and Society in Renaissance Italy (1987), 47-61.Google Scholar
Marsden, Peter. “Brokerage Behavior in Restricted Exchange Networks.” In Social Structure and Network Analysis, ed. Peter Marsden and Nan Lin, 201— 18. Beverly Hills, 1982.Google Scholar
Martines, Lauro. April Blood: Florence and the Plot against the Medici. Oxford, 2003.Google Scholar
Mauss, Marcel. The Gift. New York, 1967.Google Scholar
Miglio, Massimo. “Una lettera di Lapo da Castiglionchio.” In Storiografia Pontificia del Quattrocento, ed. Massimo Miglio, 33-59. Bologna, 1975.Google Scholar
Murphy, William. “The Rhetorical Management of Dangerous Knowledge in Kpelle Brokerage.” American Ethnologist 8 (1981): 667-85.Google Scholar
Najemy, John. Between Friends: Discourses of Power and Desire in the Machiavelli- Vettori Letters of 1513-1515- Princeton, 1993.Google Scholar
Oppel, John. “Peace vs. Liberty in the Quattrocento: Poggio, Guarino, and the Scipio-Caesar controversy.” The Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 4 (1974): 221-65.Google Scholar
Pade, Marianne. “The Latin Translations of Plutarch's Lives in Fifteenth- Century Italy and their Manuscript Diffusion.” In The Classical Tradition in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, ed. C. Leonardi and B. M. Olsen, 169-83. Spoleto, 1995.Google Scholar
Pade, Marianne. “Sulla Fortuna delle Vite di Plutarco neH'Umanesimo Italiano del Quattrocento.” Pontes 1 (1998a): 101-16.Google Scholar
Pade, Marianne. “A Checklist of the Manuscripts of the Fifteenth Century Latin Translations of Plutarch's Lives.” In L'ereditd culturale di Plutarco dall'Antichita al Rinascimento, ed. halo Gallo, 251-87. Naples, 1998b.Google Scholar
Partner, Peter. The Pope's Men: The Papal Civil Service in the Renaissance. Oxford, 1990. Patronage, Art, and Society in Renaissance Italy. Ed. F. W. Kent and Patricia Simons. Oxford, 1987. Patronage in the Renaissance. Ed. Guy Lyde and Stephen Orgel. Princeton, 1981.Google Scholar
Peck, Linda. “Court Patronage and Government Policy: The Jacobean Dilemma.” In Patronage in the Renaissance (1981), 27-46.Google Scholar
Petrarch, Francesco. Familiari. Ed. Vittorio Rossi. 4 vols. Florence, 1933- 42.Google Scholar
Plutarch, . Plutarch's Lives. Trans. Arthur Hugh Clough. 2 vols. New York, 2001.Google Scholar
Ponte, Giovanni. “Lepidus and Libripeta.“ Rinascimento 12 (1972): 237-65.Google Scholar
Ponte, Giovanni. Leon Battista Alberti, umanista e scrittore. Genoa, 1981.Google Scholar
Ponte, Giovanni. “La visione Morale di Leon Battista Alberti ei Chiaroscuri delle sue intercenali.” Interpres 15 (1995-96): 37–55.Google Scholar
Regoliosi, Mariangela. ‘“Res gesta patriae’ e 'res gestae ex universa Italia': la letters di Lapo da Castiglionchio a Biondo Flavio.” In La Memoria e La Citta: Scritture Storice Tra Medioevo ed Eta Moderna, ed. Bastia, Claudia and Bolognani, Maria, 273–305. Bologna, 1995.Google Scholar
Reynolds, L. D., and Wilson, N. G.. Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature. Oxford, 1991.Google Scholar
Rizzo, Silvia. Il Lessico Filologico degli Umanisti. Rome, 1973.Google Scholar
Robin, Diana. Filelfo in Milan. Princeton, 1991.Google Scholar
Rodman, William. “Big Men and Middlemen: The Politics of Law in Longana.” American Ethnologist 4 (1977): 525-37.Google Scholar
Sabbadini, Remigio. La Scuola et Gli Studi di Guarino Guarini Veronese. Catania, 1896.Google Scholar
Saygin, Susanne. Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1390-1447. and the Italian Humanists. Leiden, 2002.Google Scholar
Seigel, Jerrold. Rhetoric and Philosophy in Renaissance Humanism: The Union of Eloquence and Wisdom, Petrarch to Valla. Princeton, 1968.Google Scholar
Stadter, Philip. “Niccolo Niccoli: Winning Back the Knowledge of the Ancients.“ In Vestigia: Studi in onere di Giuseppe Billanovich, ed. Avesani, R., 747-64. Rome, 1984.Google Scholar
Stadter, Philip, and Ullman, B. L. The Public Library of Renaissance Florence. Padua, 1972.Google Scholar
Stinger, Charles. The Renaissance in Rome. Bloomington, 1985.Google Scholar
Struever, Nancy. The Language of History in the Renaissance: Rhetoric and Historical Consciousness in Florentine Humanism. Princeton, 1970.Google Scholar
Trexler, Richard. Public Life in Renaissance Florence. New York, 1980.Google Scholar
Trinkaus, Charles. “A Humanist's Image of Humanism: The Inaugural Orations of Bartolommeo della Fonte.” Studies in the Renaissance 7 (1960): 90–147.Google Scholar
Bisticci, Vespasiano da. Le Vite. Ed. Greco, Aulo. 2 vols. Florence, 1976.Google Scholar
Weingrod, Alex. “Patrons, Patronage, and Political Parties.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 10 (1968): 377– 400.Google Scholar
Weissman, Ronald. “Taking Patronage Seriously: Mediterranean Values and Renaissance Society.” In Patronage, Art, and Society in Renaissance Italy (1987), 25-45.Google Scholar
White, Peter. “Amicitia and the Profession of Poetry in Early Imperial Rome.“ The Journal of Roman Studies 65 (1978): 74–92.Google Scholar
White, Peter. Promised Verse. Cambridge, 1993.Google Scholar
Whitfield, J. H. “Alberti in the Intercenali.“ Italian Studies 46 (1991): 58–68.Google Scholar
Wilson, Thomas. “From Patronage to Brokerage in the Local Politics of Eastern Ireland.” Ethnohistory 37 (1990): 158-87.Google Scholar
Witt, Ronald. Coluccio Salutati and his Public Letters. Geneva, 1976.Google Scholar
Witt, Ronald. In the Footsteps of the Ancients: The Origins of Humanism from Lovato to Bruni. Leiden, 2000.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City, Ott. Lat. 1677. Letters. 149v-229.Google Scholar
MS Biblioteca Comunale di Como 4.4.6. Letters. 293r-363v.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City Pal Lat. 918. Dedication and translation of Plutarch's Lives of Theseus and Romulus to Cardinal Colonna. 1-36. Life of Solon to Eugenius IV. 218-235. Life of Publicolo to Cardinal Orsini. 235— 248.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City, Vat. Lat. 1875. Dedication and translation of Plutarch's Life of Fabius Maximus to Al- fonso of Aragon. 294-305.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City, Urb. Lat. 447. Dedication and translation of Plutarch's Life of Aratus to Cardinal Cesarini. 79v-94. Life of Artaxerxsis to Duke Humphrey of Gloucester. 94v- 105.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City, Vat. Lat. 1880. Dedication and translation of Plutarch's Life of Themistocles to Cosimo de' Medici. 252v-264v.Google Scholar
Alberti, Leon Battista. The Albertis of Florence: Leon Battista Alberti's Delia famiglia. Trans. Guarino, Guido. Lewisburg, 1971.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City, Dinner Pieces: A Translation of the Intercenales. Trans. David Marsh. Binghamton, 1987.Google Scholar
MS Vatican City, Intercenales. Ed. Franco Bacchelli and Luca D'Ascia. Bologna, 2003.Google Scholar
Badian, Ernst. Foreign Clientelae (264—70 BC). Oxford and New York, 1958.Google Scholar
Baldassarri, Stephano. “Niccolo Niccoli nella Satira di Filelfo: La tipizzazione de una Maschera.” Interpres: Rivista di Studi Quattrocenteschi Diretta da Mario Martelli 15 (1995-96): 7–36.Google Scholar
Baxandall, Michael. Giotto and The Orators: Humanist Observers of Painting in Italy and the Discovery of Pictorial Composition, 1350-1450. Oxford, 1971.Google Scholar
Begliomini, Lorenza. “Note sull'Opera dell'Alberti: 11 “Momus” e II “De re aedificatoria.” Rinascimento 12 (1972): 267-83.Google Scholar
Bernardo, Aldo. “Letter-Splitting in Petrarch's Familiares.” Speculum 33 (1958): 236-41.Google Scholar
Bernardo, Aldo. “The Selection of Letters in Petrarch's Familiares.” Speculum 35 (1960): 280-88.Google Scholar
Biagoli, Mario. Galileo, Courtier. Chicago, 1993.Google Scholar
Bloch, Marc. Feudal Society. Trans. L. A. Manyon. London, 1961.Google Scholar
Boissevain, Jeremy. Friends of Friends: Networks, Manipulators, and Coalitions. Oxford, 1974.Google Scholar
Bracciolini, Poggio. “Oratio Tertia in Funere Nicolai Nicoli Civis Florentini.“ In Opera Omnia, ed. Riccardo Fubini. Vol. 1: 270-277. Turin, 1964.Google Scholar
Bracciolini, Poggio. Facezie. Trans. Marcello’ Ciccuto. Milan, 1983.Google Scholar
Bracciolini, Poggio. Lettere. Ed. Helen Hardi. Vol. 1. Florence, 1984.Google Scholar
Bruni, Leonardo. Epistolarum Leonardi Aretini Libri VIII. Basel, 1535.Google Scholar
Bruni, Leonardo. Epistolarum Libri VIII. Florence, 1741.Google Scholar
Burckhardt, Jacob. The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. Trans. Middlemore, S. G. C.. London, 1990.Google Scholar
Burke, Peter. The Art of Conversation. Ithaca, 1993.Google Scholar
Cardini, Roberto. Mosaici: II “nemico“ dell'Alberti. Rome, 1990.Google Scholar
Castiglionchio, Lapo da. “Studi su l'epistolario e le traduzioni di Lapo da Castiglionchio Juniore.” Ed. F. P. Luiso. Studi Italiani di Filologia Classica 8 (1899): 205-99.Google Scholar
Castiglionchio, Lapo da. Renaissance Humanism and the Papal Curia: Lapo da Castiglionchio's De curiae commodis. Trans. Christopher Celenza. Ann Arbor, 1999.Google Scholar
Celenza, Christopher. “Parallel Lives: Plutarch's Lives, Lapo da Castiglionchio the Younger (1405-1438. and the Art of Italian Renaissance Translation.“ Illinois Classical Studies 22 (1997): 121-55.Google Scholar
Celenza, Christopher. Renaissance Humanism and the Papal Curia: Lapo da Castiglionchio's De curiae commodis. Ann Arbor, 1999.Google Scholar
Celenza, Christopher. “Lapo da Castiglionchio il Giovane, Poggio Bracciolini, e La ‘Vita Curialis.'” Medioevo e Rinascimento 14 (2000): 129-45.Google Scholar
Cicero, Marcus Tullius. The Letters to His Friends. Trans. W. Glynn Williams. 3 vols.-London, 1927.Google Scholar
Clough, Cecil. “The Cult of Antiquity: Letters and Letter Collections.” In The Italian Renaissance: Essays in Honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller, ed. Clough, Cecil, 33–67. New York, 1976.Google Scholar
D'Amico, John. Renaissance Humanism in Papal Rome: Humanists and Churchmen on the Eve of the Reformation. Baltimore, 1983.Google Scholar
Davies, Martin. “An Emperor Without Clothes? Niccolo Niccoli under Attack.“ Italia Medioevale e Umanistica 30 (1987): 96–142.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. N., and Roniger, L.. “Patron- Client Relations as a Model of Structuring Social Exchange.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (1980): 42–77.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, S. N., and Roniger, L.. Patrons, Clients and Friends: Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society. Cambridge, 1984.Google Scholar
Fernandez, Roberto, and Roger Gould. “Structures of Mediation: A Formal Approach to Brokerage in Transact i o n Networks.” Sociological Methodology 19 (1989): 80–126.Google Scholar
Fubini, Riccardo, “Castiglionchio, Lapo da, detto il Giovane.” In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 22 (1979): 44–51.Google Scholar
Fubini, Riccardo, and Anna Menci Gallorini. “L'autobiografia di Leon Battista Alberti: Studio e edizione.“ Rinascimento 12 (1972): 21–78.Google Scholar
Garin, Eugenio. “II pensiero di Leon Battista Alberti: Caratteri e Contrasti.“ Rinascimento 12 (1972): 3–20.Google Scholar
Giustiniani, Vito. “Sulle Traduzioni Latine dell ‘Vite’ di Plutarco nel Quattrocento.“ Rinascimento 1 (1961): 3–62.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, 1959.Google Scholar
Goldgar, Anne. Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters, 1680-1750. New Haven and London, 1995.Google Scholar
Gould, Roger. “Power and Social Structure in Community Elites.” Social Forces 68 (1989): 531-52.Google Scholar
Grafton, Anthony. Leon Battista Alberti: Master Builder of the Italian Renaissance. New York, 2000.Google Scholar
Gray, Hanna. “Renaissance Humanism: The Pursuit of Eloquence.” Journal of the History of Ideas 24 (1963): 497– 514.Google Scholar
Grossmith, George, and Grossmith, Weedon. The Diary of a Nobody. New York, 1921.Google Scholar
Gundersheimer, Werner. “Patronage in the Renaissance: An Explanatory Approach . “ In Patronage in the Renaissance (1981): 3-23.Google Scholar
Holmes, George. The Florentine Enlightenment: 1400-1450. Oxford, 1992.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, G. O. Cicero's Correspondence. Oxford, 1998.Google Scholar
Jarzombek, Mark. On Leon Battista Alberti: His Literary and Aesthetic Theories. Cambridge, MA, 1990.Google Scholar
Kent, Dale. Cosimo De’ Medici and the Florentine Renaissance. New Haven, 2000.Google Scholar
Kent, Dale, and Kent, F. W.. Neighbours and Neighbourhoods in Renaissance Florence: The District of the Red Lion in the Fifteenth Century. Locust Valley, NY, 1982.Google Scholar
Kettering, Sharon. Patrons, Brokers, and Clients in Seventeenth-Century France. Oxford, 1986.Google Scholar
Kettering, Sharon. “The Historical Development of Political Clientelism.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18 (1988): 419-47.Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul O. “De Traditione operum Marsilii Ficini.” In Supplementum Ficinianum, ed. Paul O. Kristeller, 169-81. Florence, 1973.Google Scholar
Kristeller, Paul O. Renaissance Thought and its Sources. New York, 1979.Google Scholar
Love, Harold. Scribal Publication in Seventeenth- Century England. Oxford, 1993.Google Scholar
Luiso, F. P. Studi suiepistolario di Leonardo Bruni. Ed. Rosa, Lucia G.. Rome, 1980.Google Scholar
Lytle, Guy. “Friendship and Patronage in Renaissance Europe.” In Patronage, Art, and Society in Renaissance Italy (1987), 47-61.Google Scholar
Marsden, Peter. “Brokerage Behavior in Restricted Exchange Networks.” In Social Structure and Network Analysis, ed. Peter Marsden and Nan Lin, 201— 18. Beverly Hills, 1982.Google Scholar
Martines, Lauro. April Blood: Florence and the Plot against the Medici. Oxford, 2003.Google Scholar
Mauss, Marcel. The Gift. New York, 1967.Google Scholar
Miglio, Massimo. “Una lettera di Lapo da Castiglionchio.” In Storiografia Pontificia del Quattrocento, ed. Massimo Miglio, 33-59. Bologna, 1975.Google Scholar
Murphy, William. “The Rhetorical Management of Dangerous Knowledge in Kpelle Brokerage.” American Ethnologist 8 (1981): 667-85.Google Scholar
Najemy, John. Between Friends: Discourses of Power and Desire in the Machiavelli- Vettori Letters of 1513-1515- Princeton, 1993.Google Scholar
Oppel, John. “Peace vs. Liberty in the Quattrocento: Poggio, Guarino, and the Scipio-Caesar controversy.” The Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies 4 (1974): 221-65.Google Scholar
Pade, Marianne. “The Latin Translations of Plutarch's Lives in Fifteenth- Century Italy and their Manuscript Diffusion.” In The Classical Tradition in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, ed. C. Leonardi and B. M. Olsen, 169-83. Spoleto, 1995.Google Scholar
Pade, Marianne. “Sulla Fortuna delle Vite di Plutarco neH'Umanesimo Italiano del Quattrocento.” Pontes 1 (1998a): 101-16.Google Scholar
Pade, Marianne. “A Checklist of the Manuscripts of the Fifteenth Century Latin Translations of Plutarch's Lives.” In L'ereditd culturale di Plutarco dall'Antichita al Rinascimento, ed. halo Gallo, 251-87. Naples, 1998b.Google Scholar
Partner, Peter. The Pope's Men: The Papal Civil Service in the Renaissance. Oxford, 1990. Patronage, Art, and Society in Renaissance Italy. Ed. F. W. Kent and Patricia Simons. Oxford, 1987. Patronage in the Renaissance. Ed. Guy Lyde and Stephen Orgel. Princeton, 1981.Google Scholar
Peck, Linda. “Court Patronage and Government Policy: The Jacobean Dilemma.” In Patronage in the Renaissance (1981), 27-46.Google Scholar
Petrarch, Francesco. Familiari. Ed. Vittorio Rossi. 4 vols. Florence, 1933- 42.Google Scholar
Plutarch, . Plutarch's Lives. Trans. Arthur Hugh Clough. 2 vols. New York, 2001.Google Scholar
Ponte, Giovanni. “Lepidus and Libripeta.“ Rinascimento 12 (1972): 237-65.Google Scholar
Ponte, Giovanni. Leon Battista Alberti, umanista e scrittore. Genoa, 1981.Google Scholar
Ponte, Giovanni. “La visione Morale di Leon Battista Alberti ei Chiaroscuri delle sue intercenali.” Interpres 15 (1995-96): 37–55.Google Scholar
Regoliosi, Mariangela. ‘“Res gesta patriae’ e 'res gestae ex universa Italia': la letters di Lapo da Castiglionchio a Biondo Flavio.” In La Memoria e La Citta: Scritture Storice Tra Medioevo ed Eta Moderna, ed. Bastia, Claudia and Bolognani, Maria, 273–305. Bologna, 1995.Google Scholar
Reynolds, L. D., and Wilson, N. G.. Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature. Oxford, 1991.Google Scholar
Rizzo, Silvia. Il Lessico Filologico degli Umanisti. Rome, 1973.Google Scholar
Robin, Diana. Filelfo in Milan. Princeton, 1991.Google Scholar
Rodman, William. “Big Men and Middlemen: The Politics of Law in Longana.” American Ethnologist 4 (1977): 525-37.Google Scholar
Sabbadini, Remigio. La Scuola et Gli Studi di Guarino Guarini Veronese. Catania, 1896.Google Scholar
Saygin, Susanne. Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1390-1447. and the Italian Humanists. Leiden, 2002.Google Scholar
Seigel, Jerrold. Rhetoric and Philosophy in Renaissance Humanism: The Union of Eloquence and Wisdom, Petrarch to Valla. Princeton, 1968.Google Scholar
Stadter, Philip. “Niccolo Niccoli: Winning Back the Knowledge of the Ancients.“ In Vestigia: Studi in onere di Giuseppe Billanovich, ed. Avesani, R., 747-64. Rome, 1984.Google Scholar
Stadter, Philip, and Ullman, B. L. The Public Library of Renaissance Florence. Padua, 1972.Google Scholar
Stinger, Charles. The Renaissance in Rome. Bloomington, 1985.Google Scholar
Struever, Nancy. The Language of History in the Renaissance: Rhetoric and Historical Consciousness in Florentine Humanism. Princeton, 1970.Google Scholar
Trexler, Richard. Public Life in Renaissance Florence. New York, 1980.Google Scholar
Trinkaus, Charles. “A Humanist's Image of Humanism: The Inaugural Orations of Bartolommeo della Fonte.” Studies in the Renaissance 7 (1960): 90–147.Google Scholar
Bisticci, Vespasiano da. Le Vite. Ed. Greco, Aulo. 2 vols. Florence, 1976.Google Scholar
Weingrod, Alex. “Patrons, Patronage, and Political Parties.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 10 (1968): 377– 400.Google Scholar
Weissman, Ronald. “Taking Patronage Seriously: Mediterranean Values and Renaissance Society.” In Patronage, Art, and Society in Renaissance Italy (1987), 25-45.Google Scholar
White, Peter. “Amicitia and the Profession of Poetry in Early Imperial Rome.“ The Journal of Roman Studies 65 (1978): 74–92.Google Scholar
White, Peter. Promised Verse. Cambridge, 1993.Google Scholar
Whitfield, J. H. “Alberti in the Intercenali.“ Italian Studies 46 (1991): 58–68.Google Scholar
Wilson, Thomas. “From Patronage to Brokerage in the Local Politics of Eastern Ireland.” Ethnohistory 37 (1990): 158-87.Google Scholar
Witt, Ronald. Coluccio Salutati and his Public Letters. Geneva, 1976.Google Scholar
Witt, Ronald. In the Footsteps of the Ancients: The Origins of Humanism from Lovato to Bruni. Leiden, 2000.Google Scholar