1 It is exceptional that maniera, the root of ‘Mannerism,’ was discussed by artists and writers in its own time, by Dolce (1557), by Lomazzo (1584), and again by Pederico Zuccaro (1607). As a modern critical word it began to appear about 1915, when Walter Friedländer first used it, and since then it has taken hold as a period term, always referring to approximately that period from 1520 to 1600. It is still used in this sense in the fine arts, most recently by Argan (1968) and Freedburg (1970), and in literature by Daniells (1963), Nelson (1965). and Martz (1969), the last of whom Mr. Warnke opposes.