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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 October 2009
With the widespread usage of systems analysis in political science over the last twenty years it is axiomatic that the problem of adaptation has been a recurring theme in the literature. At the level of the individual political system this concern has been germane to the work of Easton, the structural functionalists and the developmental/modernization writers. In International Politics writing, the problem of adaptation is central to both the applications of systems theory, at whatever level of analysis (for example Kaplan, Rosecrance at the systemic level, and Hanrieder and Modelski at the state level) and the less overtly theoretical works which still emphasize the importance of a state adapting to its environment.
1. Easton, D., The Political System (2nd Edition, New York, 1971)Google Scholar; A Framework for Political Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, 1965)Google Scholar; Systems Analysis of Political Life (New York, 1965).Google Scholar
2. For an original statement of this perspective see Almond, G. and Coleman, J., The Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton, 1960), pp. 3–64Google Scholar. Almond, G. and Powell, G. B., Comparative Politics (2nd Edition, Boston, 1978).Google Scholar
3. See, for example, Apter, D., The Politics of Modernization (Chicago, 1965).Google Scholar
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9. S. M. Smith, Foreign Policy Adaptation: Aspects of British and Dutch Foreign Policies 1945–63. PhD Thesis, University of Southampton, 1978. A shortened version of this is to be published by Gower Publishing in 1981.
10. Rosenau, J. N., ‘Restlessness, Change, and Foreign Policy Analysis’, In Search of Global Patterns, Rosenau, J. N. (ed.), (New York, 1976), p. 369.Google Scholar
11. The Inter-University Comparative Foreign Policy Project (ICFP).
12. See especially Rosenau, J. N., ‘Puzzlement in Foreign Policy’, Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, i (1976), pp. 1—10Google Scholar. Parts of that paper were included in his address to the 1975 BISA conference.
13. J. N. Rosenau, ‘Restlessness, Change, and Foreign Policy Analysis’, op. cit. p. 369.
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19. Ibid. p. 366.
20. Ibid.
21. J. N. Rosenau, The Adaptation of National Societies, op. cit. p. 21.
22. McGowan, P., ‘Problems in the Construction of Positive Foreign Policy Theory’, Comparing Foreign Policies, Rosenau, J. N. (ed.) (New York, 1974), pp. 25–43.Google Scholar
23. Ibid. pp. 31–32.
24. Ibid. p. 33.
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26. J. N. Rosenau, The Adaptation of National Societies, op. cit. p. 16.
27. Ibid. p. 20.
28. McGowan, P. J., ‘Adaptive Foreign Policy Behaviour: An Empirical Approach’, Comparing Foreign Policies, Rosenau, J. N. (ed.) op. cit. pp. 45–54.Google Scholar
29. M. K. O'Leary, ‘Foreign Policy and Bureaucratic Adaptation’, Ibid. pp. 55–70.
30. Thorson, S., ‘National Political Adaptation’, Ibid. pp. 71—114.Google Scholar
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33. Ibid. pp. 496–497.
34. Petersen, N., ‘Adaptation as a Framework for the Analysis of Foreign Policy Behaviour’, Co-operation and Conflict, xii (1977), pp. 221–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35. Ibid. pp. 234–239.
36. Ibid. p. 248.
37. Stephens, J., ‘An Appraisal of Some System Approaches in the Study of International Systems’, International Studies Quarterly, xvi (1972), pp. 321–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38. Ibid. p. 341.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid. pp. 341–342.
41. Ibid. p. 343.
42. Ibid. pp. 344–347.
43. Ibid. p. 347.
44. P. McGowan, ‘Problems in the Construction of Positive Foreign Policy Theory’, op. cit. p. 38.
45. Ibid. p. 31.
46. Ibid. p. 38.
47. Ibid.
48. N. Petersen, ‘Adaptation as a Framework for the Analysis of Foreign Policy Behaviour’, op. cit p. 225.
49. Ibid. p. 226.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid. pp. 227–234.
52. S. M. Smith, op. cit.
53. For a detailed discussion of this procedure see Ibid. pp. 80–102. The specific hypotheses are also t o be presented in the shorter, published version of the thesis, see S. M. Smith, Foreign Policy Adaptation forthcoming, ch. 3.
54. Ibid. pp. 396–419.
55. Ibid. pp. 419–423.
56. Ibid. pp. 84–95, and 448–456.
57. J. N. Rosenau, The Adaptation of National Societies, op. cit. pp. 21–24.
58. P. McGowan, ‘Problems in the Construction of Positive Foreign Policy Theory’, op. cit.
59. S. M. Smith, op. cit. pp. 85–95, and 448–456.
60. S. Thorson, op. cit. pp. 73–74.
61. S. Thorson, ‘Adaptation and Foreign Policy Theory’, Sage International Yearbook of Foreign Policy Studies, Volume II, P. McGowan (ed.), op. cit. pp. 123–124.
62. Freedman, L., ‘Logic, Politics and Bureaucratic Politics Processes’, International Affairs, Hi (1976), pp. 434–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63. For a history of the project see J. N. Rosenau, P. Burgess and C. Hermann, op. cit.
64. For a list of these papers see Ibid. pp. 142–144. Many have been published in J. N. Rosenau, Comparing Foreign Policies, op. cit.
65. P. McGowan, ‘The Future of Comparative Studies’, In Search of Global Patterns, J. N. Rosenau (ed.), op. cit. p. 227.
66. P. McGowan, ‘Problems in the Construction of Positive Foreign Policy Theory’, op. cit. p. 38.
67. Ibid.
68. J. N. Rosenau, ‘Pretheories and Theories of Foreign Policy’, op. cit.
69. Rosenau, J. N., ‘Comparative Foreign Policy: One-Time Fad, Realized Fantasy and Normal Field’, International Events and the Comparative Analysis of Foreign Policy, Kegley, C. W., Raymond, G., Rood, R., and Skinner, R. A. (eds.), (Columbia, S.C., 1975).Google Scholar
70. J. Stephens, op. cit. p. 348.
