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The Deportations and First Anfal of Faily Kurds in Iraq
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 March 2023
Abstract
On April 4th, 1980, Saddam Hussein's government initiated a mass deportation of Iraqi citizens to Iran. In total, an estimated one million people were deported between 1980 and 1990. At the same time, thousands of the relatives of these deportees were detained as hostages, an estimated 4,000 of whom are still missing. This is considered the first Anfal operation undertaken by the Baʿthist regime against the Kurds.
- Type
- Special Focus: Revisiting Legacies of Anfal and Reconsidering Genocide in the Middle East Today: Collective Memory, Victimhood, Resilience and Enduring Trauma
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Middle East Studies Association
References
1 BBC News, “On This Day. 1980: War breaks out between Iran and Iraq,” September 22, 1980, http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/22/newsid_4242000/4242336.stm.
2 Kamal Aziz Ketuly, “Jamal Ketuly and Disappeared Iraqi Hostages Case during Saddam Era,” Facebook page, https://web.facebook.com/Jamal-Ketuly-and-disappeared-Iraqi-hostages-case-during-Saddam-Era-102185321543250; Shafaq News, “The Curse of ‘666’: A Pen Stroke That Wiped Out Thousands of Fayli Kurds,” April 3, 2021, https://shafaq.com/en/Report/The-curse-of-666-a-pen-stroke-that-wiped-out-thousands-of-Fayli-Kurds; Roger Hardy, “The Iran-Iraq war: 25 years on, 2005,” BBC News, September 22, 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4260420.stm.
3 Ketuly, “Disappeared Iraqi Hostages.”
4 David Pratt, “Saddam's Nemesis,” Sunday Herald, August 27, 2006.
5 Ketuly, “Disappeared Iraqi Hostages.”
6 David Pratt, “The Family at War with Saddam,” The Scotsman, January 26, 1994.
7 Sam Bartlett, “Sins of Silence, The Big Issue in Scotland,” June 14–20, 2001.
8 Ketuly, “Disappeared Iraqi Hostages.”
9 Ketuly, “Disappeared Iraqi Hostages”; The Commons Hansard Debates text, Queen's Speech, November 15, 2006, Vol. 453 (1) UK.
10 Ketuly, “Disappeared Iraqi Hostages.”
11 Ibid.
12 Shafaq News, “The Curse of ‘666.’”; Hardy, “The Iran-Iraq war”; International Federation for Human Rights, Iraq: Continuous and Silent Ethnic Cleansing, 2003, https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/iq350a.pdf.
13 BBC News, “On This Day. 1971: Iranians Deported from Iraq,” December 30, 1971, http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/30/newsid_2547000/2547551.stm.
14 Ketuly, “Disappeared Iraqi Hostages.”
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.; Pratt, “Saddam's Nemesis.”
20 Shafaq News, “The Curse of ‘666.’”
21 Ketuly, “Disappeared Iraqi Hostages.”
22 David Pratt, “If The West Is So Worried About Saddam Hussein's Human Rights Record, Why Has It Ignored Iraq's Disappeared?” Sunday Herald, May 1, 2003.
23 Ketuly, “Disappeared Iraqi Hostages”; Shafaq News, “The Curse of ‘666’”; Pratt, “Saddam's Nemesis.”
24 Ketuly, “Disappeared Iraqi Hostages.”
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 The list includes UN – Human Rights (Mr. Van Der Stoel: Action only can be taken in support of UN Resolutions 688 and 1441, but they have no mandate to enforce), The Red Cross, Amnesty International, International Court of Justice, European Committee on Human Rights, the British government and parliament, the U.S. government and senate, various Arab Governments, and Human Rights Watch.