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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2009
An effective political ideology is invariably the result of the intersection of a number of discrete influences. In the first instance, a political leader is almost always possessed of some set of philosophic and political convictions that he has, for one reason or another, made his own. The ideas of the Epicureans and of John Locke regularly surface in the political thought of Thomas Jefferson, and elements of the thought of Karl Marx, G. W. F. Hegel and N. G. Chernyshevski are mixed inextricably in the political ideology of V. I. Lenin. As much might be said of almost every political leader who makes any pretense at ideological sophistication.
1 For a more complete treatment of Sun Yat-sen's relationship to traditional Confucianism, see Gregor, A. James and Chang, Maria Hsia, “Confucianism and the Political Thought of Sun Yat-sen,” Philosophy East and West (forthcoming)Google Scholar. That Sun's revised Confucianism has contemporary relevance, see Gregor, A. James and Chang, Maria Hsia, “Anti-Confucianism: Mao's Last Campaign,” Asian Survey, 19 (11 1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for the modern character of Sun's ideology, see Gregor, A. James and Chang, Maria Hsia, “Na-zionalfascismo and the Revolutionary Nationalism of Sun Yat-sen,” Journal of Asian Studies, 39 (11 1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2 There is, of course, some material. The account given by Linebarger, P. M. A., The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen (Westport, Connecticut, 1937)Google Scholar remains among the best available. Kindermann, G. K., Konfuzianismus, Sunyatsenismus und chinesischer Kommunismus (Breisgau, 1963)Google Scholar, provides a brief, competent treatment. Both works, unfortunately, deal with the relationship between the Confucian tradition and the thought of Sun Yat-sen in a fragmentary and unsystematic fashion. Curiously enough, much the same can be said of Chinese material that has found its way into European languages. The works of Tschi-tab, Tai, Die geistigen Grundlagen des Sun Yat-senismus (Berlin, 1931)Google Scholar, and Sao-fong, Wou, Sun Yat-sen: Sa vie et sa doctrine (Paris, 1929)Google Scholar, are very summary in their treatment of Sun's Confucianism.
3 Saggitarius, , The Strange Apotheosis of Sun Yat-sen (London, 1939), p. 188Google Scholar; Roy, M. N., Revolution and Counter-Revolution in China (Calcutta, 1946), p. 254.Google Scholar
4 Ibid., pp. 256, 257.
5 Cf. Yat-sen, Sun, San Min Chu I (Taipei, n.d.), pp. 41ff.Google Scholar
6 As cited, Sao-fong, Wou, Sun Yat-sen, p. 41.Google Scholar
7 Sun, , San Min Chu I, p. 38Google Scholar; and Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary (London, n.d.), p. 60Google Scholar. The original of this translation appears as “Sun Wên Hsüeh-shuo” [The teachings of Sun Wen] in Kuo-fu Ch'üan-chi (The Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen [Taipei, 1973], I:419–506Google Scholar. A more responsible translation in a European language appears as Sun, “Ueber die Schwierigkeit wissenschaftlicher Einsicht und ueber ihre Bedeutung,” in Wittvogel, K., Sun Yat-sen: Aufzeichnungen eines chinesischen Revolutionaers (Vienna, n.d.), pp. 227–312.Google Scholar
8 For a brief introduction to the thought of Wang Yang-ming, cf. Wing-tsit, Chan, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy (Princeton, 1969), pp. 654–91Google Scholar. For an extended treatment of his early thought, see Wei-ming, Tu, Neo Confucian Thought in Action: Wang Yang-ming's Youth (1472–1509) (Berkeley, 1976)Google Scholar. For comparisons of the thought of Sun Yat-sen and that of Wang Yang-ming, see Jen Cho-hsuan's “Kuo-fu lun Yang-ming chih-hsing ho-i chih fen-hsi” [An analysis of Sun Yat-sen's discussion on Wang Yang-ming's unity of knowledge and practice]; Chou Shih-fu's “Yang-ming che-hsueh chih pi-chiao” [A comparison of the teachings of Sun Yat-sen and Wang Yang-ming[ in Yang-ming-hsueh lun-wen chi (A collection of essays on the study of Wang Yang-ming, 1972], pp. 71–80; 92–108; 132–147)Google Scholar. For reference to Sun's early preoccupation with Wang's thought, see Scalapino, Robert A. and Schiffrin, Harold, “Early Socialist Currents in the Chinese Revolutionary Movement” Journal of Asian Studies, 18 (05 1959), 323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9 For a list of some of the books Sun read, cf. Wu, John C. H., Sun Yat-sen: The Man and His Ideas (Taipei, 1971), pp. 196ff.Google Scholar
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16 Chang, C., Wang Yang-ming, Idealist Philosopher of Sixteenth Century China (New York, 1962), p. 14.Google Scholar
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24 The Works of Mencius, in The Four Books, trans. J. Legge (Taipei, n.d.), bk. 7, chap. 5.
25 Sun, , Memoirs, p. 105.Google Scholar
26 Works of Mencius, bk. 4, part l, chap, l, para. 9.
27 Ibid., bk. 2, part l, chap. 2, para. 28; cf. bk. 6, part 1, chap. 7, para. 3; chap. 9, para. 3.
28 Ibid., bk. 3, part 1, chap. 3, para. 6.
29 Ibid., bk. 4, part 2, chap. 7.
30 Analects, in The Four Books, chap. 19; bk. 15, chap. 38; Works of Mencius, bk. 4, part 2, chap. 20, para. 2.
31 Analects, bk. 17, chaps 2 and 3.
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33 Sun, , San Min Chu I, p. 89.Google Scholar
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36 Cf. Friedman, E., Backward Toward Revolution: The Chinese Revolutionary Party (Berkeley, 1974), chap. 1.Google Scholar
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38 Wang, , “Record of Discourses,” p. 190.Google Scholar
39 Sun, , “Shang Li Hung-chang ch'ên chiu-kuo, ta-chi shu”Google Scholar [Memorial to Li Hung-chang on a plan to save the nation], in Kuo-fu Ch'üan-chi, III, pp. 1–11.Google Scholar
40 Cf. Ho, Fong, “Min-te,” Chia-yin (Tiger Monthly), 1 (06 1914).Google Scholar
41 Kung-wu, Lan, “P'ing chih-jih fu-ku chih miu,” Ta-chung-hua (Great China), 1, (01 1915)Google Scholar; Tse-tung, Chow, “The Anti-Confucian Movement in Early Republican China,” in The Confucian Persuasion (Stanford, 1960), pp. 290ff.Google Scholar
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45 Ibid., p. 161.
46 Ibid., p. 26.
47 Analects, bk. 6, chap. 28, para. 2.
48 Cf. Wilhelm, Richard's “Introduction”Google Scholar to Tschi-tao, Tai, Sun-Yat-senismus, p. 8.Google Scholar
