Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-vpsfw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-16T16:22:38.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Aging as a biological phenomenon

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

D Sebastian Fairweather*
Affiliation:
Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
*
D Sebastian Fairweather, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK.

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Biological gerontology
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Comfort, A. The biology of senescence, third edition. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1979.Google Scholar
2Finch, CE, Hayflick, L eds. Handbook of the biology of aging. New York: van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977.Google Scholar
3Aging, Volumes 1–36. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
4Oxford English dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
5Merry, BJ, Phillips JG. Basic gerontology. Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism 1981; 10: 322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Bellamy, D. Biology of aging. In: Pathy, MSJ ed. Principles and practice of geriatric medicine. London: Wiley, 1985.Google Scholar
7Fairweather, DS, Evans, JG. Ageing. In: Cohen, RD, Alberti, KCMN, Lewis, B, Denman, AM eds. The metabolic and molecular basis of acquired disease. London: Baillière Tindall, 1990.Google Scholar
8Berg, S. Psychological functioning in 70- and 75-year old people. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1980; 62 (suppl).Google Scholar
9Teasdale, TW, Owen, DR. National secular trends in intelligence and education: a twenty-year cross-sectional study. Nature 1987; 325: 119–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Khosla, T, Lowe, CR. Height and weight of British men. Lancet 1968; i: 742–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11Exton-Smith, AN. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of aging. Exp Gerontol 1970; 5: 273–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Mellstrom, D, Rundgren, A, Jagenburg, R, Steen, B, Svanborg, A. Tobacco smoking, ageing and health among the elderly: a longitudinal population study of 70-year-old men and an age cohort comparison. Age Ageing 1982; 11: 4558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Fox, RH, Woodward, BM, Exton-Smith, AN, Green, MF, Donnison, DV, Wilks, MH. Body temperatures in the elderly: a national study of physiological, social and environmental conditions. Br Med J 1973; 1: 200206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Wroe, DCL. The elderly. Social Trends 1973; 4: 2334.Google Scholar
15Barrett, JC. The mortality of centenarians in England and Wales. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1985; 4: 211–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Shephard, RJ. Physical activity and aging, third edition. London: Croom Helm, 1987.Google Scholar
17Shock, NW, Greulich, RC, Andres, R et al. Normal human aging: the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. NIH publication No. 84–2450.Google Scholar
18Rodeheffer, RJ, Gerstenblith, G, Becker, LC, Fleg, JL, Weisfeldt, ML, Lakatta, EG. Exercise cardiac output is maintained with advancing age in healthy human subjects: cardiac dilatation and increased stroke volume compensate for a diminished heart rate. Circulation 1984; 69: 203–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19Lakatta, EG. An integrated approach towards understanding myocardial aging. In: Bergener, M, Ermini, M, Stahelin, HB eds. Dimensions in aging. London: Academic Press, 1986.Google Scholar
20World Health Organization. International classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980.Google Scholar
21Hollander, CF. Proper use of laboratory rats and mice in gerontological research. In: Cherkin, A et al. eds. Physiology and cell biology of aging (Aging, Volume 8). New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
22Shock, NW. Systems integration. In: Finch, CE, Hayflick, L eds. Handbook of the biology of aging. New York: van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977: 639–65.Google Scholar
23Warner, HR, Butler, RN, Sprott, RL, Scheider, EL eds. Modern biological theories of aging (Aging, Volume 31). New York: Raven Press, 1987.Google Scholar
24Orgel, LE. The maintenance of the accuracy of protein synthesis and its relevance to aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1963; 49: 517–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Holliday, R. Testing molecular theories of cellular aging. In: Hergener, M, Erimini, M, Stahelin, HB. Dimensions in aging. London: Academic Press, 1986.Google Scholar
26Cutler, RG. Antioxidants and longevity of mammalian species. In: Woodhead, AD, Blackett, AD, Hollaender, A eds. Molecular biology of aging. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.Google Scholar
27Colby, PJ, McNicol, RE, Ryder, RA. Synopsis of biological data on the walleye Stizostedion v. vitreum (Mitchell 1818). FAO Fish Symposium 1981; 119: 139.Google Scholar
28Maynard-Smith, J. The causes of aging. Proc R Soc (Land) 1962; 157: 115–27.Google Scholar
29Peto, R, Parish, SE, Gray, RG. There is no such thing as ageing, and cancer is not related to it. In: Lithacher, A, Anisimov, V, Monstesano, R eds, Age-related factors in carcinogenesis. Lyon: WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer, Publication No. 58.Google Scholar
30Anisimov, VN. Carcinogenesis and aging, Volumes 1 and 2. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1987.Google Scholar
31Hayflick, L. The cellular basis for biological aging. In: Finch, CE, Hayflick, L eds, Handbook of the biology of aging. New York: van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977.Google Scholar
32Comfort, A. Maximum longevities in animals. In: The biology of senescence, third edition. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1979: 5981.Google Scholar
33Hamilton, WD. The moulding of senescence by natural selection. J Theor Biol 1966; 12: 1245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Dawkins, R. The selfish gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar
35Maynard-Smith, J. Group selection. Q Rev Biol 1976; 51: 277–83.Google Scholar
36Friedmann, DB, Johnson, TE. A mutation in the age-1 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans lengthens life and reduces hermaphrodite fertility. Genetics 1988; 118: 7586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37Kirkwood, TBL. Repair and its evolution: survival versus reproduction. In: Townsend, CR, Callow, P eds. Physiological ecology: an evolutionary approach to resource use. Oxford: Blackwell, 1981.Google Scholar
38Kirkwood, TBL. Rosenberger, RF, Galas, DJ eds. Accuracy in molecular processes. London: Chapman & Hall, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39Cutler, RG. Evolutionary biology of aging and longevity in mammalian species. In: Johnson, JE ed. Aging and cell function. New York: Academic Press, 1984.Google Scholar
40Benjamin, F, Overton, E. Prospects for mortality decline in England and Wales. Population Trends 1981; 23: 2234.Google Scholar
41Greenwood, M, Irwin, JO. The biostatistics of senility. Hum Biol 1939; 11: 112.Google Scholar